What Is the Pink Tax?
Researchers in gender inequality often point to what’s known as the “pink tax,” which is a theory that products marketed to women cost more than nearly identical products targeted at men.
In 2015, the issue got a lot of attention when New York City’s Department of Consumer Affairs found many instances of gendered pricing when it examined 794 products sold in the city for consumers of all ages. However, researchers have been noticing and analyzing this phenomenon since at least the 1990s.
Key Takeaways
- Academic studies, government studies, and women going about their daily lives have encountered many instances of products marketed toward women that cost more than nearly identical products targeted at men—and far fewer examples of the opposite.
- The pink tax is not an actual tax, but many apparel products designed for women have higher import tariffs than men’s counterparts.
- Hundreds of products and services have been found to have a pink tax.
- A handful of state and local governments have regulations to prohibit gendered price discrimination. The U.S. federal government does not, though bills have been introduced.
Understanding the Pink Tax
When a company sells a pink product (the female version) for more than a blue product (the male version), the additional revenue from the pink product does not go to the government. The only beneficiaries of the "pink tax" are the companies that charge women more than men.
The “tampon tax,” by contrast, is an actual sales tax that many states impose on feminine hygiene products, a cost that’s largely borne by menstruating girls and women (though also, in many cases, by their fathers or husbands). This is a separate issue from the pink tax, and, although it’s related, we won’t be discussing it here.
The pink tax also does not refer to the cost of items such as lipstick and menstrual products that many women use and pay for throughout their lives but that most men do not.
Attempts to Regulate the Pink Tax
Several states have passed laws against discriminatory gender-based pricing of products and services. There have also been several attempts to pass such a law at the federal level.
The goal is a prohibition against gender-based pricing of products and services, or to regulate seemingly unjust price discrepancies out of existence. After all, women already earn less income; why should they also pay more for equivalent products and services?
“Repeal the pink tax” is a marketing slogan. Gender-based price discrepancies are not a tax and therefore can’t be repealed.
California
In 1996, Governor Pete Wilson of California implemented the Gender Tax Repeal Act of 1995, which required merchants to charge women and men the same price if a service took the same time, cost, and skill to provide. It was specifically aimed at services such as haircuts, dry cleaning, clothing alterations, car repairs, and other services—not at products.
The bill’s author, Assemblywoman Jackie Speier, told the Los Angeles Times that it was the first state law of its kind. At the time, the term “gender tax” was used to describe this type of apparent price discrimination.
The Gender Tax Repeal Act of 1995 was later expanded to include products. To qualify, two goods must have the same intended use, feature no substantial differences in production materials, have similar designs and features, and be of the same brand or be owned by the same entity.
New York
Similarly, in 1998, New York City’s then-mayor, Rudy Giuliani, signed a bill aimed at preventing retail establishments such as haircutters and dry cleaners from basing prices solely on gender. It allowed the city’s Department of Consumer Affairs to collect fines from violators. Specifically, the law prohibits the display of discriminatory pricing, meaning you shouldn’t see a sign that says “women’s haircut $45, men’s haircut $25” when you walk into a New York City hairdresser.
A statewide ban that covers both consumer goods and services went into effect on Sept. 30, 2020. It effectively prohibits businesses from charging different prices for "substantially similar" consumer goods or services that are marketed to different genders.
New Yorkers can report gender-pricing complaints through New York City’s 311 website or contact the New York State Division of Consumer Protection at 800-697-1220 Monday to Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Miami-Dade County
This Florida county’s gender price discrimination ordinance applies to both goods and services. Miami-Dade County’s Consumer Services Department is in charge of enforcing this local law, which applies to all types of sellers, from individual to corporate. It prohibits price discrimination based solely on the customer’s gender but allows price differences based on the time, difficulty, or cost of providing a good or service.
Complaints can be reported to the department in writing. Aggrieved parties can sue the violating party for damages, attorney’s fees, and court costs.
United States House of Representatives
Speier, who sponsored the 1995 California act, also introduced a Pink Tax Repeal Act at the federal level in 2016. The bill has been reintroduced several times but never been passed. Most recently, Rep. Norma Torres (D, Calif.) reintroduced the bill in March 2024 (Speier left Congress in 2023).
Its purpose remains the same: “to prohibit the pricing of consumer products and services that are substantially similar if such products or services are priced differently based on the gender of the individuals for whose use the products are intended or marketed or for whom the services are performed or offered.” Companies violating the law would be considered in violation of the Federal Trade Commission's unfair or deceptive acts or practices rules affecting interstate commerce.
Some pundits argue that the pink tax topic is overplayed. For example, researchers from the University of Chicago, Northwestern University, and consulting firm Cornerstone Research concluded in a 2021 national study that women’s products are often cheaper.
The Real Pink Tax: Unequal Tariffs on Women’s Goods
Most discussions of the pink tax are not about an actual tax, but in one instance they are—import tariffs. In the United States, clothing companies pay higher import tariffs on women’s items—such as silk shirts, wool jackets, cotton suits, suit jackets, blazers, leather shoes, and golf shoes—according to a study published by Texas A&M University’s Mosbacher Institute, which focuses on trade, economics, and public policy.
On the men’s apparel side, import tariffs are higher on cotton shirts, wool suits, synthetic fiber suits, and swimwear. Some goods have no gender-based tariff difference, while others have large differences. Overall, tariffs on women’s items are higher.
Clothing companies can address this discrepancy by increasing the price of the item with the higher import tariff, which may result in a gender-based price difference that is actually based on the item’s cost. The other option is to price both items equally (assuming they are otherwise the same), which means either the producer, the retailer, or the consumer takes a hit. A 2007 lawsuit by clothing companies against the U.S. governmenttried but failed to eliminate these tariff discrepancies.
The tariff discrepancy persists. Ed Gresser, a vice president at the Progressive Policy Institute, claimed that in 2022 the average U.S. tariff rate for men's clothing was 13.6%, compared with 16.7% for women's. Gresser broke down specific clothing categories. For example, he revealed that the average U.S. tariff rate on men’s underwear is 11.5%, compared with 15.5% for women's underwear.
Other research supports these findings. A 2020 study published in the journal American Political Science Review describes a study covering 20 years’ worth of tariffs on men’s and women’s apparel in 167 countries. The study’s authors found that “imports of women’s goods, on average, are taxed 0.7% more than imports of men’s goods” and contribute to the pink tax. They also found that increasing women’s representation in legislatures could help remedy the problem.
Concern over the tariff discrepancy has reached the U.S. Congress. Legislation designed to examine the prevalence and impact of pink tariffs was introduced in April 2024. It would "require the Department of the Treasury to conduct and report to Congress a study on potential gender bias and regressivity within the U.S. tariff system."
“Governments can contribute to gendered price discrimination through distinct tariff rates on...products that are essentially identical in form, save for the gender of their target consumer. Higher import taxes on women’s versions of goods are in turn passed on to wholesalers, then retailers, and finally imposed upon women consumers.” —Timm Betz, David Fortunato, and Diana Z. O’Brien, “Women’s Descriptive Representation and Gendered Import Tax Discrimination.”
Why the Pink Tax Is Not a $1,351 Problem
A 1994 analysis conducted for the law that the California Senate eventually passed as the Gender Tax Repeal Act of 1995 (AB 1100) stated that women were paying $1,351 more per year for similar products and services compared to men.
This 1994 figure is still widely quoted as if it were current. For example, the University of Missouri-Kansas City included the figure in a short write-up on the pink tax, or #AxThePinkTax on social media.
It is highly unlikely that this figure is still accurate, and simply adjusting it for inflation wouldn’t make it accurate either. Changes in product prices based on supply and demand, along with campaigns to neutralize gender discrepancies, have certainly altered the amount since then. It’s understandable, though, that no one has attempted to update the figure, as performing that type of calculation is a big undertaking.Nevertheless, quoting outdated estimates doesn’t do women any favors.
Two other notable attempts to put a number on the pink tax came in 2015 and 2020. In 2015, the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs claimed that women’s products in New York cost an average of 7% more than similar men’s products. Then, in 2020, the California Senate Committee on Judiciary and Senate Select Committee on Women, Work & Families argued that women in California pay an average of about $2,381 more for the same goods and services.
How Does the Pink Tax Work?
The pink tax is not a tax in the literal sense. It refers to women paying more for the same, or similar, products and services than men.
Does the Pink Tax Still Exist?
While the pink tax is not an actual tax, it still exists. A few state and local governments have laws to prohibit price discrimination based on gender, but the federal government does not.
What Are Examples of the Pink Tax?
There are hundreds of products and services that are subject to the so-called pink tax. Apparel, such as a pair of jeans, or services like a haircut, are a few common examples. Children's toys marketed to girls are another example.
The Bottom Line
The pink tax may not be an actual tax, except in the case of disparate import tariffs on women’s apparel. But hundreds of products marketed toward women end up costing more than nearly identical products targeted toward men. Evidence of gendered price discrimination clearly exists, even if there is room to debate why it exists or how serious or costly a problem it is.
