Developing models of atoms
Learn more on the history of the atom in this podcast.
Listen to the full series on BBC Sounds.
Dalton’s model (1803)
John Dalton thought that all matter was made of tiny called , which he imagined as tiny solid balls. Dalton’s model included these ideas:
- atoms cannot be broken down into anything simpler
- the atoms of a given are identical to each other
- the atoms of different elements are different from one another
- during chemical reactions atoms rearrange to make different substances
Thomson’s model (1897)
J.J. Thomson discovered the . Atoms are neutral overall, so in Thomson’s ‘plum pudding model’:
- atoms are spheres of positive charge
- electrons are dotted around inside
The Geiger-Marsden experiment (1909 - 1911)
Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden tested the plum pudding model. They aimed beams of positively-charged particles at very thin gold foil. These particles should have passed straight through, according to the plum pudding model. However, many of them changed direction. Ernest Rutherford explained these results in his ‘planetary model’:
- atoms have a central, positively charged with most of the mass
- electrons orbit the nucleus, like planets around a star
Bohr’s model (1913)
Niels Bohr improved Rutherford’s model. Using mathematical ideas, he showed that electrons occupy shells or energy levels around the nucleus.
