Ethereum is one kind of digital currency or cryptocurrency, a medium of exchange that exists exclusively online. Ethereum is among the most popular cryptocurrencies, and ranks second in total size (as of April 2022), behind Bitcoin, a coin that’s become synonymous with crypto.
Cryptocurrency has created a lot of controversy, from those who hail it as the world’s next payment system to those who view it merely as a speculative bubble. Here’s what Ethereum is and how it works.
What is Ethereum?
Ethereum is one of literally thousands of cryptocurrencies that have sprung up over the last few years. As the brainchild of 8 co-founders, Ethereum made its debut in 2015. The cryptocurrency or platform is called Ethereum, while the individual unit is called an ether (2 ether, 17 ether, etc.)
Ethereum operates on a decentralized computer network, or distributed ledger called a blockchain, which manages and tracks the currency. It can be useful to think of a blockchain like a running receipt of every transaction that’s ever taken place in the cryptocurrency. Computers in the network verify the transactions and ensure the integrity of the data.
This decentralized network is part of the appeal of Ethereum and other cryptocurrencies. Users can exchange money without the need for a central intermediary such as a bank, and the lack of a central bank means the currency is nearly autonomous. Ethereum also allows users to make transactions nearly anonymously, even if the transaction is publicly available on the blockchain.
While the whole field is referred to in terms of currency, it may be more useful to think of crypto as a token that can be spent for a specific purpose enabled by the Ethereum platform. For example, sending money or buying and selling goods are functions enabled by the coin. But Ethereum can do a lot more, and it can also form the basis for smart contracts and other apps.
What does Ethereum do?
Ethereum can power a number of applications offering a wide range of functions:
- Currency: With a cryptocurrency wallet, you can send and receive ether or pay for goods and services, if the digital currency is accepted as payment. Some platforms, such as Coinbase, even allow you to take custody of your coins in a digital wallet, so you can make them less exposed to hackers, in theory.
- Smart contracts: Smart contracts are a kind of permission-less app that automatically executes when the contract’s conditions have been met.
- Decentralized apps, or dApps: Ethereum powers digital apps that allow users to play games, invest, send money, track an investment portfolio, follow social media and more.
- Non-fungible tokens: These tokens can be powered by Ethereum and can allow artists or others to sell art or other items directly to buyers using smart contracts.
- Decentralized finance: By using Ethereum, some people may be able to avoid centralized (government) control over the movement of money or other assets.
Again, it might be more accurate to think of Ethereum as a token that powers various apps rather than as merely a cryptocurrency that allows users to send money to each other.
Where do ether coins come from?
As of April 2022, there were about 120.4 million ether in existence. And while new coins could be “mined,” the total annual issuance is limited. That contrasts sharply to Bitcoin, where a maximum of 21 million coins can be mined and new issuance becomes harder each year. And it contrasts still further with Dogecoin, where issuance is completely unlimited.
Ether coins and those of other cryptocurrencies are “mined” by the computers on the network. They perform mathematical calculations that effectively unlock coins or fractions of coins.
That setup is changing, however. Both the Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains use what’s called “proof-of-work” to mine new coins and validate transactions. It’s an expensive, energy-intensive and time-consuming process that can clog the network. So the minds behind Ethereum have decided to change their system to a “proof-of-stake” system, which is nicknamed Ethereum 2.0.
In this system, new coins are created as part of a payment for validators, those participating in overseeing and verifying transactions in the cryptocurrency.
Ethereum moves to proof-of-stake
Later in 2022 Ethereum is slated to make the move to a proof-of-stake protocol. This upgrade is being called “The Merge” and it totally reconfigures how the Ethereum system operates.
Instead of miners verifying transactions, Ethereum will use the owners of significant stakes to validate transactions. These validators “stake” their currency and earn rewards in the form of ether for verifying transactions. However, stakers could lose their investment if they validate transactions that don’t conform to Ethereum’s rules. Even smaller investors can participate in the staking system – and earn rewards – by pledging their coins with a validator.
It’s expected that the changeover as well as transaction fees being “burned” – destroyed forever – will lead to fewer ether in existence and a deflationary spiral, causing the crypto to soar.
Is Ethereum a good investment?
Ethereum has risen significantly over the last few years, so those who bought-and-held years ago have done well. But rather than look at yesterday’s price moves and be fearful of missing out, it’s important to understand what you’re investing in. And on this basis, those who buy Ethereum are buying a cryptocurrency that is not backed by any hard assets or cash flow.
That may sound trivial, but it’s the key difference between stocks and cryptocurrency. A stock is a fractional ownership in a business, so its performance over time is due to the ongoing success of that business. If the business grows its profit, its stock is likely to follow that growth over time. Stockholders have a legal ownership stake in the assets and cash flow of that business.
In contrast, Ethereum – and most other popular cryptocurrencies – are backed by nothing at all. The only thing holding up the price is the optimism of other investors, all of whom think they’ll be able to sell the cryptocoin for more money later to someone else – what’s called the “greater fool theory” of investing. Speculation is the only thing driving Ethereum and other cryptos higher.
For this reason, among others, investing legend Warren Buffett won’t touch cryptocurrency and has even gone on record to call it “rat poison squared.” Buffett’s approach is a good cue about the enduring value available in cryptocurrencies.
Should you buy or mine Ethereum?
If you’re looking to speculate on Ethereum, it’s simple to just buy and trade the cryptocurrency on a popular trading platform such as Robinhood or Binance.US. You can access the market 24 hours a day, and you’ll have good liquidity, meaning you can transact without moving the price much. The profit calculus is simple, too: You profit when you sell coins for more than you paid.
If you’re thinking about mining Ethereum, you have to think like a business owner. You’ll have to invest significant amounts of money in mining rigs so that you can produce the cryptocurrency and then you’ll have to expend costly electricity as you mine it. You’ll need to run the numbers to see if it makes financial sense for you to make the initial investment and keep your operation running. That is, you want to earn coins that are worth more than you paid to mine them.
Most importantly, with Ethereum moving to a proof-of-stake system, Ethereum will no longer need miners. Instead, validators will oversee the system and validate crypto transactions. That’s why one Ethereum developer recommends not investing in any more mining equipment.
In the end, it’s easier to buy Ethereum than to mine it and requires less effort. There may still be profit potential in the mining of cryptocurrency, but you’ll have to see if the numbers work.
Bottom line
Speculators can invest in cryptocurrencies such as Ethereum directly, but they can also invest in the companies that may profit from a move toward digital currencies.
Whether you’re trading Ethereum, Bitcoin or any cryptocurrency companies, it’s vital to understand the risks, including the potential loss of your entire investment. Investors should take a measured approach with cryptocurrency, given its volatility and many risks. Those who are looking to get a taste of the action should not invest more than they can afford to lose.
Learn more:
- The best online brokers for cryptocurrency trading
- Cryptocurrency taxes: A guide to tax rules for Bitcoin, Ethereum and more
- How to buy Bitcoin: 5 ways to add the popular cryptocurrency to your portfolio
Editorial Disclaimer: All investors are advised to conduct their own independent research into investment strategies before making an investment decision. In addition, investors are advised that past investment product performance is no guarantee of future price appreciation.
