- What Are V-I Characteristics?
- Types of V-I Characteristics
- Linear VI Characteristics
- Non-linear VI Characteristics
- V-I Characteristics of SCR
- V-I Characteristics of MOSFET
- V-I Characteristics of LED
- V-I Characteristics of PN Junction Diode
- V-I Characteristics of Zener Diode
- Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs
What are V-I Characteristics?
V-I characteristics stand for voltage-current characteristics of an electrical component or device.The V-I graph yields valuable information about the resistance and breaks down an electronic component. It also provides the operating region of a component.By studying these characteristics, we can understand where and how to use a component in anelectric circuit.
The voltage-ampere characteristics of an electronic component are its behaviour for various values of an applied voltage. Put simply, it is the graph between Voltage and Current obtained when current is measured through an electronic component as a voltage is applied across it.
In V-I characteristics, the Voltage, V is on the x-axis, and the current, I, is on the y-axis because it is easier to control the applied voltage than the current. This makes the voltage the independent variable and is traditionally placed on the x-axis.
Read More: Electric Circuit
Types of V-I Characteristics
Linear VI Characteristics
A linear VI curve has a constant slope and hence a constant resistance. Carbon resistors and metals obey Ohm’s law and have constant resistance. The V-I curve is a straight line passing through the origin.An electronic component may exhibit linear characteristics only in a particular region. For example, a diode has a mostly linear behaviour in its operating region.
Non-linear VI Characteristics
A circuit component has a non-linear characteristic if the resistance is not constant throughout and is some function of voltage or current. The diode, for example, has varying resistance for different voltage values.However, it has a linear characteristic for a narrow operating region. In the graph below, we can also see the maximum forward and reverse voltage in which the diode can be operated without causing breakdown and burning up of the diode.
V-I Characteristics of SCR
SCR stands for the Silicon Controlled Rectifier, which is a three-terminal semiconductor switching device that is used as a controlled switch for rectification, regulation, and inversion of power flow.
The V-I characteristic curve of SCR is between the anode-cathode voltage, V, and anode current, I at constant gate current. Below is the graph explaining the V-I characteristic of SCR:
V-I Characteristics of MOSFET
MOSFET stands for Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor which is one of the types of FET transistors. These transistors have three terminals, and they are a drain (D), source (S), and gate (G), and the fourth terminal is known as the substrate. These transistors are classified into two:
- Depletion type transistor
- Enhancement type transistor
The V-I characteristic of MOSFET for both the classifications are given below:
V-I Characteristics of LED
LED stands for light-emitting diode which is used in all types of semiconductor diodes with electrical characteristics similar to a PN junction diode.
The V-I characteristic of LED is given below:
V-I Characteristics of PN Junction Diode
When an N-type material (which has more free electrons) is fused with the P-type material (which has more holes) to create a semiconductor diode, it is known as a PN junction diode. There are three biasing conditions, and they are:
- Zero bias
- Forward bias
- Reverse bias
The V-I characteristic of PN junction diode is given below:
Related Article:
V-I Characteristics of Zener Diode
A Zener diode is a device which works in the Zener breakdown region. When these diodes are forward-biased, they act like a p-n junction diode. These diodes have a very thin depletion region as they are heavily doped, allowing more electric current than regular p-n junction diodes.
The V-I characteristic of Zener diode is given below:
Read More: Zener Diode
Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs
Q1
What is voltage?
The voltage is the difference in potential between two points in an electric field.
Q2
What is the SI unit of voltage?
The SI unit of voltage is volt.
Q3
What is meant by an electric current?
An electric current is the flow of electric charges or ions through space or an electric conductor.
Q4
What is meant by V-I Characteristics?
V-I characteristics stand for voltage-current characteristics of an electrical device or component. The V-I graph gives valuable information about the resistance and breaks down an electronic component. It also provides the component operating region. By analysing these characteristics, we can understand where and how to use a component in an electric circuit.
Q5
What is an LED?
LED stands for light-emitting diode, typically used in various light devices.
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')))}):d.click(function(e){e.preventDefault();var a=USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.phoneValidation(t)&&USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.nameValiadation(r)&&USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.emailValidation(i)&&USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.requiredValidation(o,"","Comment")&&USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cityValidation(n,"","City")&&USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.requiredValidation(s,"","Grade");if(a&&MOBILE_OTP_VALIDATER.isPhoneNumberVerified){jQuery(".cb-error-msg, .cb-success-msg").remove(),jQuery(d).attr("disabled",!0).text("Posting..."),DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.isUserAlreadyLoggedIn=!0,DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.isMobileAlreadyVerified=!0,MOBILE_OTP_VALIDATER.verifyToken?DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.authorization=MOBILE_OTP_VALIDATER.verifyToken:(userFromStorage=JSON.parse(getStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE")),authToken=userFromStorage.authorization,DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.authorization=authToken),DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.verifyKey||(userFromStorage=JSON.parse(getStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE")),DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.verifyKey=userFromStorage.verifyKey),void 0===SESSION_ID&&(DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.sessionId=generateRandomID()),void 0===SESSION_ID_SECONDARY&&(DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.sessionIdSecondary=generateRandomID());var l={first_name:r.val(),mobile_number:t.val(),email_address:i.val(),category_type:"COMMENT",session_id:DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.sessionId,session_id_secondary:DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.sessionIdSecondary,grade:s.val(),city:n.val(),authorization:DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS.authorization,currentUrl:C_URL,Website_URL:C_URL,Platform:void 0!==navigator.isMobile?navigator.isMobile?"website_mobile":"website_desktop":"",Lead_Magnet_Type:"LEAVE_A_COMMENT_FORM",Device_Details:void 0!==navigator.detectDeviceAgent?navigator.detectDeviceAgent:"",Device_UserAgent:void 0!==navigator.userAgent?navigator.userAgent:""},m=author_submit_form=email_submit_form=captcha_submit_form=!1;u.find('button[name="submit"]').attr("disabled","disabled").val("Posting...").addClass("post-class"),u.find('textarea[name="comment"]').removeClass("cb-error");var _=u.find('textarea[name="comment"]').val().trim(),S=_.replace(/(<([^>]+)>)/gi,"_HTML_").trim(),A=S.split(" ").join("\n");A=A.replace(/^\s*(\[\s*url\s*=\s*)?(https?:\/\/)?(www\.|\S+?\.)(\S+?\.)?\S+\s*$\s*/gm,"_URL_").trim(),""===_||null==_?u.find('textarea[name="comment"]').after('Please enter comment.').addClass("cb-error"):""===S||-1!==S.indexOf("_HTML_")?u.find('textarea[name="comment"]').after('HTML tags are not allowed for comment.').addClass("cb-error"):""===A||-1!==A.indexOf("_URL_")?u.find('textarea[name="comment"]').after('Any external links or urls are not allowed.').addClass("cb-error"):m=!0;var E={},p=jQuery("#data-comment-form"),v=p.serializeArray();if(jQuery.each(v,function(e,a){E[a.name]=a.value,"_wp_unfiltered_html_comment"===a.name&&null!==a.value&&(c=!0)}),!1===c)if(u.find('input[name="author"]').removeClass("cb-error"),u.find('input[name="email"]').removeClass("cb-error"),0!==u.find('textarea[name="g-recaptcha-response"]').length){var I=u.find('textarea[name="g-recaptcha-response"]').val().trim();""===I||null==I?u.find(".g-recaptcha").append('Please check the captcha form.'):captcha_submit_form=!0}else captcha_submit_form=!0;else author_submit_form=!0,email_submit_form=!0,captcha_submit_form=!0;m&&captcha_submit_form?(MOBILE_OTP_VALIDATER.verifyToken?E.authorization=MOBILE_OTP_VALIDATER.verifyToken:(userFromStorage=JSON.parse(getStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE")),authToken=userFromStorage.authorization,E.authorization=authToken),E.comment=S,E.author=r.val(),E.email=i.val(),E.mobileNumber=l.mobile_number,delete E.city,delete E.grade,E.ajax_comment_request=1,jQuery.post(BASE_URL+"wp-comments-post.php",E,function(e){if(u.find('button[name="submit"]').attr("disabled",!1).val("Post Comment").removeClass("post-class"),null!=e){var a=JSON.parse(e);"success"===a.status&&a.response?(c?addGAEvent(USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.isUserAlreadyExist,"created Successfully"):(o.val(""),addGAEvent(USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.isUserAlreadyExist,"created Successfully"),0!==u.find('textarea[name="g-recaptcha-response"]').length&&grecaptcha.reset(),jQuery(d).attr("disabled",!1).text("Post Comment"),jQuery("#cancel-comment-reply-link").click(),jQuery(".form-submit").after('Thanks! Your comment has been submitted successfully. It will take some time to appear on the page.')),r.attr("disabled",!1).parent().removeClass("hidden"),i.attr("disabled",!1).parent().removeClass("hidden"),s.attr("disabled",!1).parent().removeClass("hidden"),n.attr("disabled",!1).parent().removeClass("hidden"),c||jQuery.ajax({type:"POST",url:USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.apis.userCreateUpdateUrl,data:l,success:function(e){setStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE",JSON.stringify(DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS)),USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.isUserAlreadyExist=!0},error:function(e){console.log(e)}})):"invalid"===a.status&&a.response?(jQuery(d).text("Post Comment"),jQuery(".form-submit").after('Invalid Comment or User posted too many Comments')):"failed"===a.status&&a.response?(jQuery(d).text("Post Comment"),jQuery(".form-submit").after('Something went wrong, please refresh the page and try again')):(jQuery(d).attr("disabled",!1).text("Post Comment"),jQuery(".form-submit").after('Invalid Comment or User posted too many Comments'))}else jQuery(d).attr("disabled",!1).text("Post Comment"),jQuery(".form-submit").after('Something went wrong. Please try again after sometime.'),addGAEvent(USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.isUserAlreadyExist,"creation Failed")})):u.find('button[name="submit"]').attr("disabled",!1).val("Post Comment").removeClass("post-class")}else USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.phoneValidation(t),USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.nameValiadation(r),USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.requiredValidation(o,"","Comment "),USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cityValidation(n,"","City"),USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.requiredValidation(s,"","Grade"),USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.emailValidation(i),USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.phoneValidation(t)&&!MOBILE_OTP_VALIDATER.isPhoneNumberVerified&&(a=!1,r.removeClass("input-valid").addClass("input-error"),r.siblings(".input-error-msg").remove(),t.removeClass("input-valid").addClass("input-error"),t.siblings(".input-error-msg").remove(),t.after('
Validate your Mobile Number
'))})),getInputAccordingSessionID(e,t,l,m,r,i,n,s),t.on("input",function(){USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.phoneValidation(this)}),o.on("input",function(){USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.requiredValidation(this,"","Comment ")}),r.on("input",function(){USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.nameValiadation(this)}),i.on("input",function(){USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.emailValidation(this)}),s.on("input",function(){USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.requiredValidation(this,"","Grade")}),n.on("input",function(){this.isValidInput=USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cityValidation,this.requiredName="City";var e=jQuery(this);USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cityValidation(e,"","City")}),n.on("change",function(){this.isValidInput=USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cityValidation,this.requiredName="City";var e=jQuery(this);USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cityValidation(e,"","City")})}}function addGAEvent(e,a){e?GA_FLAG&&ga("send","event","Post Comment Successful","Post Comment activity "+a+" By Existed User","URL: "+C_URL):GA_FLAG&&ga("send","event","Post Comment Successful","Post Comment activity "+a+" By New User","URL: "+C_URL)}function getInputAccordingSessionID(e,a,t,r,i,s,n,o){var d,l;if(null!==getStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE")&&(d=JSON.parse(getStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE")),l=d.sessionId,sessionIDSec=d.sessionIdSecondary,void 0!==l&&"undefined"!=typeof sessionIDSec)){var m={session_id:l,session_id_secondary:sessionIDSec};jQuery.ajax({type:"POST",url:USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.apis.userChecBySessionIDUrl,data:m,success:function(e){e.success&&(a.val(e.data.mobile).attr("disabled",!0),t.addClass("hidden"),r.removeClass("hidden"),i.val(e.data.name).attr("disabled",!1).parent().removeClass("hidden"),s.val(e.data.email).attr("disabled",!1).parent().removeClass("hidden"),n.val(e.data.city).attr("disabled",!1).parent().removeClass("hidden"),o.val(e.data.grade).attr("disabled",!1).parent().removeClass("hidden"),MOBILE_OTP_VALIDATER.isPhoneNumberVerified=d.isMobileAlreadyVerified,USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.isUserAlreadyExist=!0,USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.userDetails=e.data)},error:function(e){console.log(e)}})}}var SESSION_ID,SESSION_ID_SECONDARY,DEFAULT_USER_DETAILS={author:"",email:"",mobile:"",isUserAlreadyLoggedIn:!1,isMobileAlreadyVerified:!1,sessionId:"",sessionIdSecondary:"",authorization:"",verifyKey:""},USER_DETAILS_CONFIG={isUserAlreadyExist:!1,apis:{userChecBySessionIDUrl:BASE_URL+"wp-json/spidy/v1/get_user_by_session_id_api/",userCheckUrl:BASE_URL+"wp-json/spidy/v1/user_check_api/?wp-json_allow",userCreateUpdateUrl:BASE_URL+"wp-json/spidy/v1/user_create_update_api/?wp-json_allow",city:{url:BCAP_API_BASE_URL+"api/geo_dimensions/india_state_city_list/?limit="+INDIA_STATE_CITY_LIST_LIMIT_VAL,method:"GET"}},userDetails:""},USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS={getParameterByName:function(e,a){a=a?"?"+a:window.location.search;var t=new RegExp("[?&]"+e.replace(/\[/g,"\\[").replace(/\]/g,"\\]")+"(?:=([^]*))?(?:[]|$)").exec(a);return t?t[1]?decodeURIComponent(t[1].replace(/\+/g," ")):"":null},requiredValidation:function(e,a,t){var r=jQuery(e),i=r.val(),s="";return r.siblings(".input-error-msg").remove(),i&&null!==i||(s=t+" is required."),s?(r.addClass("input-error").removeClass("input-valid"),r.after('
'+s+"
"),!1):(r.removeClass("input-error"),r.addClass("input-valid"),!0)},emailValidation:function(e,a){var t=jQuery(e),r=t.val(),i="",s=/^(([^<>()[\]\\.,;:\s@\"]+(\.[^<>()[\]\\.,;:\s@\"]+)*)|(\".+\"))@((\[[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\])|(([a-zA-Z\-0-9]+\.)+[a-zA-Z]{2,13}))$/;return t.siblings(".input-error-msg").remove(),r&&null!==r?r.match(s)||(i="Email-id is not valid."):i="Email-id is required.",i?(t.addClass("input-error").removeClass("input-valid"),t.after('
'+i+"
"),!1):(t.removeClass("input-error"),t.addClass("input-valid"),!0)},nameValiadation:function(e,a,t){var r=jQuery(e),i=r.val(),s=t||"Name",n="",o=/^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z\-\ \.]{2,}$/i;return r.siblings(".input-error-msg").remove(),n=i&&null!==i?i.length<=2?"Name should be minimum 3 characters.":i.match(o)?"":"Accepts alphabets only.":s+" is required.",n?(r.addClass("input-error").removeClass("input-valid"),r.after('
'+n+"
"),!1):(r.removeClass("input-error"),r.addClass("input-valid"),!0)},phoneValidation:function(e,a){var t=jQuery(e),r=t.val(),i="",s=/^\d{10}$/,n=/^\d{1,10}$/;if(t.siblings(".input-error-msg").remove(),r&&null!==r)if(r.match(n))r.match(s)||(i="Mobile No. should be 10 digits.");else{let e=t.val().replace(/[^0-9]+/g,"");t.val(e),i=t.val()?"Mobile No. should be 10 digits.":"Mobile No. is required."}else i="Mobile No. is required.";return i?(t.addClass("input-error").removeClass("input-valid"),t.after('
'+i+"
"),!1):(t.removeClass("input-error"),t.addClass("input-valid"),!0)},ajaxCall:function(e,a,t,r){jQuery.ajax({type:e,url:a,crossDomain:!0,data:t,headers:{"content-type":"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"},success:function(e){r&&r(e)},error:function(e){r&&r(e)}})},cities:[],cityAutoSuggestions:function(e){var a;USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.ajaxCall(USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.apis.city.method,USER_DETAILS_CONFIG.apis.city.url,"",function(e){e.results.length&&(a=e.results,USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cities=e.results)});var t=jQuery("["+e+"]"),r=t.find("input");r.on("input",function(){0;var e=jQuery(this).val().toLowerCase(),i="";if(t.find("ul").remove(),e.length>=1){var s=jQuery.grep(a,function(a,t){return 0===a.city.toLowerCase().indexOf(e)});s.length&&(s.every(function(a,t){return i+='
",6!==t}),t.append("
- "+i+"
"))}t.find("ul>li>a").on("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),r.val(jQuery(this).text()),t.find("ul").remove(),0,r[0].isValidInput(r)})}),jQuery("body").on("click",function(){t.find("ul").remove(),0})},cityValidation:function(e,a,t){if(USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.requiredValidation(e,a,t)){if(!USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cities.length)return!0;if(USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cities.filter(function(a){return a.city.toLocaleLowerCase()==e.val()}).length)return e.siblings(".input-error-msg").remove(),e.removeClass("input-error"),e.addClass("input-valid"),!0;e.addClass("input-error").removeClass("input-valid"),e.after('
Should be selected from the list
')}return!1}};(function(){if(jQuery("#data-comment-form").length>0){commentForm("COMMENT");var e=jQuery("[data-name-field]"),a=jQuery("[data-email-field]"),t=jQuery("[data-grade-fg]"),r=jQuery("[data-city-fg]");e.length>0&&a.length>0&&phoneNumberValidation("#data-comment-form",e,a,t,r,"COMMENT"),USER_DETAILS_INPUT_VALIDATORS.cityAutoSuggestions("data-city-auto-suggestions-comment")}})(),window.onbeforeunload=function(){null!==getStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE")&&clearLocalStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE"),null!==getStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE_expiresIn")&&clearLocalStorage("DEFAULT_COMMENT_BOX_LOCALSTORAGE_expiresIn")};
