Before introducing types of thread, let’s have a general idea of the main geometric parameters of the thread.
1) Outer Diameter (Major thread diameter)
Major and minor diameters are geometric parameters of a thread. Major diameter (outside diameter) is the largest material diameter of a gear tooth or thread feature. Outside or external thread diameter means the diameter of a screw and includes a raised helix height around the thread. Using a clipper rule or a thread pitch gauge, you can measure the outside diameter.
The major diameter or outside diameter is measured using an external thread screw.
A clipper can measure the outside diameter of a female thread (inside diameter, respectively). The outer diameter of the male thread is calculated by using a clipper. Thread pitch gauge helps you measure female threads, and male threads with clippers save your time and money.
2) Inner Diameter (Minor thread diameter)
Minor diameter can be defined as an imaginary cylinder that can touch the roots of the thread crests (a prominent part of a thread) of an internal thread or the roots of an external thread.
Special equipment is required to measure major and minor diameters. Minor diameter is a screw’s diameter that can measure at the root of the thread at the intersect area of the screw or the base of the thread.
3) Pitch diameter (Effective Diameter)
Effective or pitch diameter is the diameter of an imaginary co-axial cylinder that can intercept the surface of the thread. Pitch diameter can cross so that the intercept on a cylinder generator at the point where pitch diameter meets the opposite flanks of the thread groove. The thread groove is equal to half of the nominal pitch of the screw thread.
You can use a thread pitch gauge tool to check and identify the thread diameter and size. The thread pitch gauge tool can prove helpful to calculate and measure the thread’s number accurately within a given distance, and you can try various gauge tools for this purpose.
4) Pitch
The Pitch of the thread, or we can say it as thread pitch, is a distance from a point on the same screw thread to a corresponding threshold.
The thread pitch will be on the next thread that can measure parallel to the axis. It should be between corresponding points on an adjacent surface in the same axial plane.
5) Lead
We can define lead-the distance a screw thread can advance axially in one turn. The lead and pitch are the same on a single-threaded screw, while the lead is two times the pitch on a double-threaded screw. The lead is three times the pitch on a triple-headed screw.
6) Tooth Angle
Tooth angle terminology refers to the shape and geometry of a thread. Threads can find in various shapes and styles. The tooth angle may be trapezoidal, square, or triangle.
7) Threaded Angle
The angle, which includes between the sides of the thread measured in an axial plane, is called the threaded angle or angle of the thread.
1) Metric Threads or International Threads
Metric threads or international threads were the first international standards, and we use metric threads for general-purpose screw threads worldwide. The “M” in the metric threads indicates the nominal outer diameter of the screw thread.
“M” in a metric thread has also indicated the diameter of the smooth-walled hole. ISO metric screw thread is a global thread, and fine thread has a small pitch compared to coarse thread.
2) British Standard Threads
British Standard Whitworth (BSW) thread is devised and specified by Joseph Whitworth. It is an imperial -unit-based screw thread standard and was the world’s first national pipe tapered thread standard.
British standard threads are one of the main types of threads and have coarse pitches and bases of many other standards such as BSCon, BSF, and BSCopper. BST is used for special purposes such as line adjustment and can find on bolts.
BSF (British standard thread with fine pitches) increases vibrations in automobile and aero work and line adjustment. These types of threads can also be used for the internal thread size and external thread size of iron and steel pipes where great strength is required. The thread form of BST is as follows:
1. British standard pipe parallel thread(BSPP)
2. British standard pipe tapered thread(BSPT)
| BSP Thread Size | Outside Diameter mm / inch | TPI |
| 1/16 Inch BSP | 7.7 mm / 0.304″ | 28 |
| 1/8 Inch BSP | 9.7 mm / 0.383″ | 28 |
| 1/4 Inch BSP | 13.16 mm / 0.518″ | 19 |
| 3/8 Inch BSP | 16.66 mm / 0.656″ | 19 |
| 1/2 Inch BSP | 20.99 mm / 0.825″ | 14 |
| 5/8 Inch BSP | 22.99 mm / 0.902″ | 14 |
| 3/4 Inch BSP | 26.44 mm / 1.041″ | 14 |
| 7/8 Inch BSP | 30.20 mm / 1.189″ | 14 |
| 1 Inch BSP | 33.25 mm / 1.309″ | 11 |
| 1-1/4 Inch BSP | 41.91 mm / 1.650″ | 11 |
| 1-1/2 Inch BSP | 47.80 mm / 1.882″ | 11 |
| 2 Inch BSP | 59.61 mm / 2.347″ | 11 |
| 2-1/4 Inch BSP | 65.71 mm / 2.587″ | 11 |
| 2-1/2 Inch BSP | 75.18 mm / 2.96″ | 11 |
| 3 Inch BSP | 87.88 mm / 3.46″ | 11 |
| 4 Inch BSP | 113.03 mm / 4.45″ | 11 |
| 5 Inch BSP | 138.43 mm / 5.45″ | 11 |
| 6 Inch BSP | 163.83 mm / 6.45″ | 11 |
3) Unified thread standard (UTS)
Unified threads standard is one of the different types of threads that have rounded crests and roots. Unified threads consist of three classes:
1. This thread type is used for applications requiring liberal tolerance for easy assembly.
2. This class of unified threads is commonly used for general applications.
3. The last class of unified standard thread is used where the accuracy of thread elements and closeness of fit is essentially required or important.
Unified threads standard (UTS) is the main standard thread type for nuts bolts and has the same 60° profile as ISO metric screw thread.
The unified threads standard is the one thread form used in three countries, i-e, Canada, the United States, and Great Britain, under an agreement with the included angle of 60° so that they can easily exchange machinery and thread identifying tools. The unified threads standard is a general-purpose screw thread controlled by ANSI/ASME in the USA.
4) “V” shape threads
“V” shape threads are widely used, and you can cut them with a lathe machine, tap, or die. The thread shape is like the English alphabet V as their name reflects the form of screw threads.
5) Square threads
The square thread has high efficiency. It is used to transmit power, high load applications such as jackscrews and leadscrews. Square thread is a common screw thread form among the different types of threads, and its name is due to a square cross-section of the thread.
The square threads consist of the most efficient thread forms, but it is not easy to fabricate square threads. The square thread has the lowest friction, and it is widely used due to its high efficiency. The types of square threads can find on tools, spindles, feed mechanism of machine tool, and screw jacks.
Square thread type is less strong than V-thread, but it can offer less frictional resistance to motion than the whitworth thread.
6) Acme threads
Acme thread is mostly used for brass valves, bench vices, and screw-cutting lathes. It is a transformation of the square thread and can easily be produced. Acme thread type is stronger as compared to square thread. There are three types of general-purpose acme thread 2G, 3G, and 4G. Each class is used for the assemblies and clearance on all standard size diameters.
7) Knuckle threads
Knuckle thread is a thread form of the screw thread terminologies and can be used for ready and rough work. It has a rounded top and bottom. It is sensitive and can easily be inclined to damage and dirt. Knuckle thread is an adoption of the square thread, and they can easily be cast and rolled. The angle of the knuckle thread is 30 degrees. Knuckle threads are one of the different types of threads used in necks of glass bottles, coupling gears, valves, fittings, slides, hydrants, large molded insulators used in the electrical trade, and railway carriage couplings.
8) Buttress threads
Buttress threads can be referred to as two-thread profiles:
1. Sawtooth thread: a type of leadscrew used in machinery and known as breech-lock thread form. It allows the thread to withstand great loads in one direction. It has low friction.
2. Buttress pipe thread is a type of trapezoid tapered pipe thread used in the oil industry as a hydraulic sealing thread form.
Buttress threads have the advantage of both V-threads and square threads and are used to transmit power when it is transmitted in one direction. It has the same strength as most threads of V-thread and has low frictional resistance characteristics of the square thread.
The height of buttress thread engagement is 0.6p and has a clearance angle from normal to the axis of 45 degrees. Common examples of buttress nuts and rods are airplane propeller hubs, breech assemblies of large guns, and columns for hydraulic presses.
9) Worm Threads
Worm threads are one of the different types of threads similar to acme threads as their shape also has 29 degrees. One difference is that they are deep than acme threads. We use worm threads in the worm wheel of motor vehicles. It can transfer at 90 degrees because three teeth of the worm wheel can fit into the shaft while using a shaft with worm threads. They can work well.
10) Single and Multi-Threads
Some independent and separate threads are also found in screw thread terminology and can run along with a piece of work; therefore, single-threaded screws and multi-started threaded screws are used in some pieces of work.
1: The single-threaded screw refers to the screw when one completely turns around the bolt or screw is called a single-threaded screw. It is also called starts, and you can have single-start, two starts, or three stars.
2: The multiple-threaded screw refers to when there is a moment of more than one thread. We can use multi-start threads in cases where fast motion or movement is required.
