Final accounts represent both the financial position of a business and also shows the profitability of the concern. The final Account is used by both the external and internal parties for various purposes. The Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account, and Balance Sheet all together are known as the final accounts.
The trading account is the first part of this final account, and this is used to determine the gross profit which is earned by the business. The profit and loss account is the second part of the final account that is used to determine the net profit of the business concern.
Trading and Profit and Loss Account
A trading account can be called an investment account which contains securities and cash. Generally, a trading account refers to a trader’s main account. The investors tend to buy and sell the assets frequently, thus their accounts are subject to special regulation for this. The assets which are held in a trading account are separated from others which may be part of a long-term buy and hold strategy.
The profit and loss abbreviated as the P&L statement is a financial statement that summarizes the revenues, the costs, and the expenses that are being incurred during a specified period, usually in a fiscal year. The P&L statement aligns with the income statement, which records information about a company's ability or its inability to generate profit by increasing the sales revenue, by reducing costs, or both. The P&L statement is also referred to as a statement of profit and loss, income statement, statement of operations, etc.
Trading and Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet
A balance sheet is the last drawn financial statement which reports a company's assets, liabilities, and the shareholders' equity at a particular year in time, and provides a basis for computing the rates of return and evaluating the capital structure of the company. The financial statement provides a view of what a company owns and owes to its debtors, as well as the amount that is invested by the shareholders.
How to Calculate Gross Profit in Trading Account
In order to calculate the gross profit, it is necessary to know the cost of goods which are sold and its sales figures.
Gross Profit = Sales – COGS (Sales + Closing Stock) – (Stock in the beginning + Purchases + Direct Expenses)
Items that are included on the debit side and on the credit side give the resultant figure which is either gross profit or the gross loss.
Every business wants to know how much money they made and how much money they spent during a certain period, usually at the end of the year.
A Profit & Loss Statement/Account shows how much money a business made or lost over a month or a year.
Companies use the Profit & Loss Statement, while other people use the "T Account" for these reasons. There are two main reasons why a Profit & Loss Statement/Account is made.
To find out how much money was invested or incurred by a business
To follow and maintain the Statutory requirements
Traditionally, determining profit/loss required two steps. It referred to the process of preparing:
Trading Account
Profit and Loss Account
The trade account reflects the business's gross profit or loss. The Profit & Loss Account displays the company's net profit or loss.
Balance Sheet
A balance sheet is one of the financial statement reports that shows the financial situation of an entity on a specific date.
The balance sheet of an entity has a wealth of information that can be used to assess financial stability and performance.
It is a report sheet that requires total assets to match total liabilities + shareholder capital.
Hence, the Calculation would be :
Assets = Liability + Capital
Assets - An asset is a resource that an entity owns and uses to generate positive economic value.
Liabilities - This is a list of obligations owed to others by an entity.
The money contributed by the shareholders is referred to as capital or equity.
Format and Calculation
Trading and Profit and Loss Account
There is no prescribed structure for profit and loss accounts for sole traders and partnership enterprises. They can create the profit and loss account in any format. However, it should separately display gross and net profit.
Typically, these entities prefer a "T-shaped form" for compiling their profit and loss statements.
A T-shape profit and loss account has two sides - debit and credit. Usually, a trading account is created, followed by a profit and loss statement and it has two sides - Debit and Credit.
Hence, Calculation of Profit and Loss Account would be:
Add up all revenue earned over the accounting period.
Add up all expenditures made throughout the accounting period.
Subtract total expenses from total revenue to find the difference.
If the value is positive, it represents profit; if it is negative, it represents a loss.
Particulars | Amount | Particulars | Amount |
To Opening Stock | xxx | By Sales | xxx |
To Purchases | xxx | By Closing Stock | xxx |
To Direct Expenses | xxx | ||
To Gross Profit | xxx | ||
xxx | xxx | ||
To Operating Expenses | xxx | By Gross Profit | xxx |
To Operating Profit | xxx | ||
xxx | xxx | ||
To Non-operating expenses | xxx | By Operating Profit | xxx |
To Exceptional Items | xxx | By Other Income | xxx |
To Finance Cost | xxx | ||
To Depreciation | xxx | ||
To Net Profit Before Tax | xxx | ||
xxx | xxx |
Format of P&L Account for Companies
Companies are required to submit profit and loss accounts under Schedule III of the Companies Act, 2013.
Statement of Profit & Loss
Name of the Company -
Statement of Profit and Loss for the period ended -
Note No | Figures for the current reporting period | Figures for the previous reporting period | |
INCOME | |||
a) Revenue From operations | |||
b) Other Income | |||
Total Income | |||
EXPENSES | |||
a) Cost of materials consumed | |||
b) Purchases of Stock-in-Trade | |||
c)Changes in inventories of finished goods, Stock-in -Trade and work-in-progress | |||
d) Employee benefits expense | |||
e) Finance costs | |||
f) Depreciation and amortization expenses | |||
g) Other expenses | |||
Total Expenses | |||
Profit/(loss) before exceptional items and tax | |||
Exceptional Items | |||
Profit/ (loss) before tax | |||
Tax Expense: | |||
Current tax | |||
Deferred tax | |||
Profit (Loss) for the period from continuing operations | |||
Profit/(loss) from discontinued operations | |||
Tax expenses of discontinued operations | |||
Profit/(loss) from Discontinued operations (after tax) | |||
Profit/(loss) for the period | |||
Other Comprehensive Income | |||
A. (i) Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss | |||
(ii) Income tax relating to items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss | |||
B. (i) Items that will be reclassified to profit or loss | |||
(ii) income tax relating to items that will be reclassified to profit or loss | |||
Total Comprehensive Income for the period Comprising Profit (Loss) and other comprehensive income for the period ) | |||
Earnings per equity share (for continuing operation): | |||
(1) Basic | |||
(2) Diluted | |||
Earnings per equity share (for discontinued operation): | |||
(1) Basic | |||
(2) Diluted | |||
Earnings per equity share (for discontinued & continuing operation) | |||
(1) Basic | |||
(2) Diluted |
Balance Sheet
A balance sheet examination can reveal a wealth of information about a business's performance.
It is a critical instrument for investors, creditors, and other stakeholders as it helps in ascertaining an entity's financial health.
It enables stakeholders to comprehend the entity's business performance and liquidity status.
There are various different balance sheet styles to choose from, however the most common of them includes horizontal and vertical.
Horizontal Format
Company Name | |||||
Balance Sheet | |||||
For the Period Ended........... | |||||
Liabilities | Amount | Amount | Assets | Amount | Amount |
Capital And Reserves | Fixed Assets | ||||
Opening Capital Balance | XXXX | Land | XXXX | ||
Reserves and Surplus | xxx | Less: Depreciation | (xx) | XXXX | |
Less: Drawings | (XXXX) | ||||
Capital Balance | XXXX | Building | XXXX | ||
Less: Depreciation | (xx) | XXXX | |||
Secured Loans | |||||
Long term debt | xxx | Investments | |||
Other long term liabilities | xxx | Long term Investments | xxx | ||
Unsecured Loans | Current Assets, Loans and Advances | ||||
Cash credit payable | xxx | Inventory | xxx | ||
Cash and cash equivalents | xxx | ||||
Current Liabilities | Other current assets | xxx | |||
Trade Payables | xxx | ||||
Accrued Interest | xxx | Prepaid expenses | xx | ||
Other Current Liabilities | xxx | Miscellaneous expenditure | xx | ||
Total Liabilities | XXXX | Total Assets | XXXX | ||
Vertical Format
Company Name | |||
Balance Sheet as at................. | |||
Particulars | Note No. | Figures (as per the end of the current reporting period) | Figures (as per the end of the previous reporting period) |
I. EQUITY AND LIABILITIES | |||
1) Shareholder’s Funds (a) Share Capital (b) Reserves and Surplus (c) Money received against share warrants | |||
(2) Share application money pending allotment | |||
(3) Non-Current Liabilities (a) Long-term borrowings (b) Deferred tax liabilities (Net) (c) Other Long term liabilities (d) Long term provisions | |||
(4) Current Liabilities (a) Short-term borrowings (b) Trade payables (c) Other current liabilities (d) Short-term provisions | |||
Total | |||
II.Assets | |||
(1) Non-current assets (a) Fixed assets (i) Tangible assets (ii) Intangible assets (iii) Capital work-in-progress (iv) Intangible assets under development (b) Non-current investments (c) Deferred tax assets (net) (d) Long term loans and advances (e) Other non-current assets | |||
(2) Current assets (a) Current investments (b) Inventories (c) Trade receivables (d) Cash and cash equivalents (e) Short-term loans and advances (f) Other current assets | |||
Total | |||
