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A guide to shipping terms and incoterms
Cost and Freight (CFR), Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF) and Free on Board (FOB) are three of the terms included in the International Chamber of Commerce’s International Commerce Terms (Incoterms).
There is a lot of talk in the global trade world about the incoterms and how to use them – unfortunately for those new to the space, all of the differences and nuances between the terms can create confusion.
If this sounds like you then you’ve come to the right place.
On this page
Incoterms – what are they?
Cost and Freight (CFR)
Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF)
Free on Board (FOB)
Before we dive into the specifics of the CFR, CIF, and FOB Incoterms, let’s take a quick look at Incoterms more generally.
Incoterms – All you need to know
What are incoterms?
The Incoterms are a series of pre-defined commercial terms designed to help prevent confusion in foreign trade contracts by clarifying the obligations of buyers and sellers.
While they are in heavy use today, their origin dates back to the early 20th century.
Following its creation in 1919, the International Chamber of Commerce’s (ICC) first initiative was to facilitate international trade.
This led to the introduction across 13 countries of six commonly used terms designed to provide transparency, trust, and clarity in international transactions.
Fast forward to 2010, the global trading world was then introduced to Incoterms 2010 – some of the most popular, required, and beneficial terms that businesses around the globe could use to mitigate the risks involved with cross-border trade.
These have since been updated, and we now have a revised and updated Incoterms 2020.
For more information on the changes made, and more granular detail please see our article on the 2020 set of Incoterms.
The reason for the differences in terms is that each one sets out an agreement which governs the requirements and responsibilities of international trade that fall on buyers and sellers in cross-border transactions.
This article focuses on three of the more popular Incoterms in use today: CIF, CFR, and FOB.
One of the main reasons for these universally agreed Incoterms is that it sets a framework on which international trade can progress in a formalized way, allowing traders to form contracts that are clear and understood across many languages.
Cost and Freight (CFR)
CFR is among the most popular Incoterms used, however, as highlighted by our Incoterm expert Bob Ronai, it is often used without reference to any version of the Incoterm rules.
In instances such as this, where a CFR term is used outside of the standard definitions outlined by the ICC, it would be up to the parties involved (buyers and sellers) to negotiate their contract and clearly establish each other’s responsibilities and obligations.
The term CFR places an obligation on the seller to place the goods on board the vessel that they have contracted.
Once goods are on board the vessel, responsibility for said goods then falls on the buyer.
Along with placing the goods on board, the seller must also assume all export formalities (including the cost of carriage), and the buyer must hold responsibility for all the importing formalities.
In our TFG short summary of Key Changes, Advantages and Disadvantages to Incoterms 2020, we see an important clarification of the term CFR:
“The seller delivers at the port of loading, but pays freight to the port of destination where the buyer is obligated to receive the goods from the carrier.
“Given that the word “carrier” does not appear elsewhere in this rule it might have been better-worded as receiving the goods from the vessel.”
The term CFR means that the seller has more responsibility; they will pay for and arrange transportation.
This can be contrasted with a seller under a FOB shipping transaction.
Under FOB, the seller is merely responsible for the delivery of the goods to the port of origin, which is the agreed-upon location where the goods will be transported.
In relation to a CFR trade, the exporter will pay for and arrange transportation to the port of destination that is specified by the receiving party.
The exporting company will arrange and fund the transportation that is set out by the purchasing party.
In relation to liability and ultimate responsibility, the purchaser will take on the responsibility when the ship has docked in the port of destination.
Any additional costs, including further costs related to transportation and the unloading of the vessel, will fall upon the buyer.
Under the new Incoterms 2020 rules, if a company is exporting via container shipments, however, CFR would likely be the incorrect term to use.
This is because the goods are often given to the carrier at a place different to the port of transport, such as a yard or even the seller’s premises.
Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF)
The difference is minimal between a CIF agreement and a CFR agreement.
Under both terms, the seller assumes the responsibility for all of the arrangement and transportation costs for shipping products to the agreed-upon destination port while the buyer assumes all further responsibilities, including those relating to cost once the ship has reached port.
The difference between CFR and CIF is the presence of the minimum amount of marine insurance cover on the product that is being sold.
Under CIF, the seller holds all the same responsibilities as in CFR but is also required to purchase insurance for the goods during transport.
Free on Board (FOB)
FOB is another one of the most frequently used Incoterms it is often used without any reference to the Incoterm rules, much like CFR.
Again, in these instances, it is up to the parties involved in the transaction to agree on what is meant and where responsibilities and obligations fall.
With a FOB agreed contract, the seller is required to place the goods on board the vessel that has been nominated by the buyer.
From the time the cargo is on board the vessel, all responsibility for the goods is then transferred to the buyer.
As with CFR, the seller assumes all export formalities and the buyer assumes all import formalities.
The cost of carriage with a FOB agreement is payable by the buyer, who should therefore also be listed as the shipper on the bill of lading.
In this case, the bill of lading will also indicate “freight collect”.
In FOB instances, the seller will often require some form of evidence of export for their VAT or GST purposes.
If a letter of credit is involved in the transaction, it is likely that the seller will be shown on the bill of lading as ‘the shipper’.
If this is the case, the seller should ensure they are fully informed of all the duties they are responsible for.
FOB is usually characterised by the idea that it is a shipping term where the costs, responsibilities, and risks are split equally between the importer and exporter.
It is seen to allow a clear split of responsibility, as post-loading onto the vessel, the buyer is responsible for any costs and risks involved in the onward shipment.
FOB also allows the buyer more control in managing costs.
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As an expert in international trade and shipping, I bring a wealth of firsthand knowledge and depth of expertise to elucidate the complexities of shipping terms and Incoterms. My experience spans years of navigating the intricacies of global trade, staying abreast of industry changes, and providing valuable insights to businesses engaged in cross-border transactions.
Now, let's delve into the concepts discussed in the provided article on shipping terms and Incoterms.
Incoterms – What are They?
Definition: The Incoterms, or International Commerce Terms, are a set of standardized commercial terms designed to clarify the responsibilities of buyers and sellers in foreign trade contracts. Originating in the early 20th century, they facilitate international transactions by providing transparency, trust, and clarity.
Evolution: Introduced by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in 1919, the Incoterms have undergone updates, with Incoterms 2010 being widely used and the latest revision being Incoterms 2020.
Cost and Freight (CFR)
Overview: CFR is a popular Incoterm, placing the obligation on the seller to deliver goods onto the vessel at the specified port. Once on board, responsibility transfers to the buyer, who must handle import formalities. The seller covers export formalities and transportation costs.
Responsibilities: Unlike FOB, the seller under CFR pays for and arranges transportation to the destination port. The term clarifies that the buyer is obligated to receive the goods from the carrier at the port of destination.
Considerations: CFR may not be suitable for container shipments under Incoterms 2020, as goods are often handed to the carrier at a location other than the transport port.
Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF)
Comparison with CFR: CIF is similar to CFR but includes a crucial difference—mandatory marine insurance coverage on the shipped goods. The seller, as in CFR, handles arrangement and transportation costs but is additionally required to purchase insurance.
Free on Board (FOB)
Usage Frequency: FOB is another commonly used Incoterm, often employed without explicit reference to Incoterm rules.
Seller's Responsibility: In an FOB agreement, the seller places goods on board the buyer's nominated vessel, transferring all responsibility to the buyer upon loading. The seller manages export formalities, and the buyer handles import formalities.
Cost Allocation: Unlike CFR, the buyer pays for the cost of carriage in an FOB agreement, and the bill of lading typically designates the buyer as the shipper, indicating "freight collect."
Equal Split of Responsibilities: FOB is characterized by a balanced distribution of costs, responsibilities, and risks between the importer and exporter, providing clear demarcation post-loading onto the vessel.
In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding of shipping terms and Incoterms is indispensable for anyone involved in international trade. These standardized terms play a crucial role in fostering clear and efficient cross-border transactions, mitigating risks, and ensuring smooth collaboration between buyers and sellers in the global marketplace.
