Near Field Communication (NFC) - GeeksforGeeks (2024)

Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless technology that enables communication between two electronic devices over a distance of 4 centimeters (1.6 inches) or less. In this article, we will discover near-field communication in detail along with its advantages and disadvantages.

What is NFC?

NFC stands for Near Field Communication. It enables short-range communication between compatible devices. At least one transmitting device and another receiving device are needed to transmit the signal. Many devices can use the NFC standard and are considered either passive or active.

Types of NFC

• Passive NFC devices: These near-field communication devices include tags and other small transmitters that can send information to other NFC devices without the need for a power source of their own. These devices don’t really process any information sent from other sources, and can not connect to other passive components. These often take the form of interactive signs on walls or advertisem*nts.
  
• Active NFC devices: These near-field communication devices can do both things i.e. send and receive data. They can communicate with each other as well as with passive devices. Smartphones are the best example of active NFC devices. Card readers in public transport and touch payment terminals are also good examples of the technology.

How Does NFC Work?

NFC relies on inductive coupling between two electromagnetic coils present on NFC-enabled devices (such as smartphones). Communication occurs at a frequency of 13.56 MHz within the globally available unlicensed radio frequency ISM band. Data rates range from 106 to 848 kbit/s. NFC can be used for various purposes, including contactless transactions, data exchange, and simplified setup of more complex communications (e.g., Wi-Fi). When one of the connected devices has internet connectivity, data exchange with online services is also possible. The NFC standard currently has three distinct modes of operation to determine what sort of information will be exchanged between devices.

• The most commonly used in smartphones is the peer-to-peer mode. The exchange of various pieces of information is allowed between 2 devices. In this mode both devices switch between active when sending data and passive when receiving.
• The second mode i.e. read/write mode is a one-way data transmission. The active device, possibly your smartphone, links up with another device in order to read information from it. NFC advertisem*nt tags use this mode.
• The third mode of operation is card emulation. The NFC device can function as a smart or contactless credit card and make payments or tap into public transport systems.

Comparisons with Bluetooth

There are several important technological differences between NFC and Bluetooth but NFC has some significant benefits in certain circ*mstances.The major advantage of NFC over Bluetooth is that it requires much less power consumption than Bluetooth. This makes NFC perfect for passive devices, such as the advertising tags as they can operate without a major power source.NFC android has one another major advantage i.e. faster connectivity. It uses inductive coupling(i.e. the absence of manual pairing) which takes less than one tenth of a second to establish a connection between two devices. While modern Bluetooth connects pretty fast, NFC is still super handy for certain scenarios such as mobile payments.

Samsung Pay, Android Pay, and even Apple Pay use NFC technology though Samsung Pay works a bit differently than the others. While Bluetooth works better for connecting devices together for file transfers, sharing connections to speakers, and more, we anticipate that NFC will always have a place in this world thanks to mobile payments — a quickly expanding technology.

Applications of NFC

• Data Transfer: You can share small amounts of data (such as contacts, URLs, or files) between NFC-enabled devices.
• Access Control: NFC tags can grant access to buildings, public transport, or events.
• Smart Pairing: NFC simplifies pairing Bluetooth devices by tapping them together.
• Smart Posters and Tags: NFC tags embedded in posters, products, or advertisem*nts can provide additional information when tapped.

Benefits of NFC

• Convenient Transactions: NFC allows seamless payments and other transactions using smartphones through wallet apps.
• Versatile Applications: It finds applications in various domains such as banking, reservations, ticket booking, and entry/exit passes.
• Secured Access: It provides secure access for students and employees within their premises.
• Enhanced Security: Compared to magnetic strip-based debit and credit cards, NFC offers better security and uses PINs.
• Easy Connectivity: NFC doesn’t require search and pair procedures like Bluetooth.
• No Special Software Needed: It works without additional software or manual configurations.
• Compatibility: NFC is compatible with existing RFID networks

Limitations of NFC

• Short Range: NFC operates within shorter distances (about 10-20 cm).
• Low Data Transfer Rates: It offers very low data transfer rates (106, 212, or 424 Kbps).
• Costly Adoption: Companies find it expensive to adopt NFC-enabled devices.
• Complex Procedures: Users may find NFC procedures more complex compared to other simpler options.

Conclusion

Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless technology that allows devices to communicate quickly and securely. It is particularly beneficial for mobile payments, data transfer, access management. NFC has several advantages, including reduced power consumption, ease, mobility, and enhanced security. However, it has some disadvantages, including a small range, low data transfer rates, high adoption costs, and procedural complexity. Despite these disadvantages, NFC’s simplicity of connecting and wide compatibility ensure its continued use, particularly in mobile payment systems.

Frequently Asked Questions on NFC – FAQs

What are some examples of NFC mobile payments?

NFC is commonly used for mobile payments through services like Apple Pay, Google Pay, and Samsung Pay.

Is NFC secure?

NFC offers security features similar to credit cards, including encryption algorithms.

How do you pay with NFC?

To pay with NFC, customers simply tap their NFC-enabled smartphone or card on a compatible payment terminal.