During the heyday of the tech bubble in the late 1990s, day traders using trading platforms made easy money buying and selling internet stocks. It didn't take much skill to succeed in those days. In just a 17-month period between October 1998 and March 2000, the NASDAQ Compositeskyrocketed from a low of roughly 1,344 to a high of around 5,133. All you had to do was ride that tidal wave to rake in the profits. Many of those traders made just as much shorting the index on its way down to a low of about 1,100 in October 2002, as the index lost 78% of its value in 31 months.
Once the bubble fully deflated, the easy money dried up. Many of those who profited through good luck and timing left trading and looked for other work. They discovered that day trading, like any other profession, requires education and skills to consistently make a living.
Key Takeaways
- Day traders execute many trades a day, buying and selling, or selling and buying, a stock or stocks, so as to benefit from fluctuations in the price of the security.
- Day traders typically close out their positions at the end of the trading day, rather than risk holding them after-hours or overnight.
- A pattern day trader (PDT) is a regulatory designation for a trader who executes four or more day trades in a margin account over a five-day period.
- To be identified as a pattern day trader, the trades must equal more than 6% of the margin account's total trading activity over the five days, or the firm where the trader has an account must perceive them as a day trader.
- There are no explicit requirements for becoming a day trader, but a technical and expansive knowledge of how financial markets work, as well as a comfort with electronic trading platforms, and the rules and regulations of trading is essential.
What Defines a Day Trader?
A day trader is a type of market participant who executes multiple trades a day in an attempt at benefitting from price fluctuations throughout the day. Day traders can use leverage to increase returns, but not without risk — leverage can also amplify losses. Day traders hold positions for anywhere from less than a second to multiple hours, but generally close out the position by the end of the day so there's no risk after hours or overnight.
As of Sept 28, 2001, FINRA and NYSE, (prompted by an SEC rule change from Feb. 27, 2001), amended their definitions of day traders to also recognize "pattern day traders (PDT)."
An investor can be classified as a pattern day trader by having one of the two following characteristics:
- They trade four or more times during a five-day span, provided the number of day trades is more than 6% of the customer's total trading activity for that same five-day period, or
- The firm where the investor is making transactions, or opening up a new account, reasonably considers them a day trader.
Once an investor is considered a day trader, the brokerage must classify them as such, and the investor is then subject to increased equity requirements. Mainly, the brokerage must require minimum equity of $25,000 at the beginning of the customer's trading day. This minimum equity requirement has been introduced by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the NYSE. Ensuring that any substantial losses can be offset by the day trader's own equity, the requirement addresses the inherent risk imposed on brokerages by leveraged day trading activities.
A more restrictive margin rule has also been implemented. Day traders are permitted to purchase only four times their maintenance margin levels. If this level is exceeded, the firm must issue a margin call to the day trader who subsequently has five business days to deposit the funds before the account is restricted to trading on a cash-available-only basis for 90 days or until the call is met.
There are professional day traders, who work for big financial institutions and invest on behalf of clients and the firm, and individual day traders, who work solo and invest on behalf of themselves.
A Tale of Two Traders
There are two different kinds of day traders. Professional day traders work for large financial institutions. They have access to the tools and training needed to make their careers a success. The big advantage of being a professional day trader is that you aren't trading your own capital. Instead, it is capital from clients and/or the firm, so there's no risk to one's personal equity. Most professional traders are able to leave their emotions and biases at the door.
The other kind of day trader is the individual trader, who play the markets solo. These traders need to be able to understand the market, technical analysis, and price movements. They should also have access to research, news, and analysis. And unless they have clients for whom they trade, they're usually trading their own capital, which means there's a lot at stake.
On the subject of capital, individual traders usually have a couple of options when it comes to their trading accounts—cash vs. margin accounts. In a cash account, traders utilize their own capital when making a trade. In a margin account, the trader gets a loan from the brokerage. Most firms will require a minimum investment before traders can begin trading on margin. Since they're dealing with money from a firm, there are usually more rules to follow.
Day Trading Basics
Day trading requires a professional software platform and a high-speed internet connection. While it's possible to design and build your own trading platform, most traders use a prepackaged setup provided by their brokerage or a specialized software company. It's best to have a powerful desktop with at least two monitors—preferably four to six. You need multiple screens to display the charts and technical indicators that will provide your buy and sell signals.
When you use a brokerage platform, ensure that real-time news and data feeds are included in the package. You'll need that data to construct charts that expose trends and portray the time frames and trading strategies you want.
A pure day trader buys and sells stocks or other investments and ends the trading day in cash with no open positions. If a position is held overnight or for several days, it's called a "position trade." Day traders can use both approaches, depending on their trading style and the nature of their investments.
Technical Indicators
Familiarity with stocks and market fundamentals isn't enough to succeed as a trader. You should understand technical analysis and all of the tools used to dissect chart patterns, trading volume, and price movements. Some of the more common indicators are support and resistance levels, moving average convergence divergence (MACD), volatility, price oscillators, and Bollinger Bands.
Learning and understanding how these indicators work only scratches the surface of what you'll need to know to develop your personal trading style. Hundreds of books and thousands of articles have been written about day trading. You can also take classes online or in person.
Day Trading Strategies
Trading requires sufficient capital to take advantage of leveraging fairly large positions. Most traders make their money on relatively small price movements in liquid stocks or indexes with mid to high volatility. You need price movement to make money—either long or short. Higher volatility implies higher risk, with the potential for greater rewards and losses.
Unless you can buy several hundred or more shares of a stock, you won't make enough money on trades to cover the commissions. The lower the price of the stock, the more shares you'll need to gain sufficient leverage and total price movement.
The key to successful trading is developing techniques to determine entry and exit points. Most traders develop a style they stick with once they are comfortable with it. Some only trade one or two stocks every day, while others trade a small basket of favorites. The advantage of trading only a few stocks is that you learn how they act under different conditions and how movement is affected by the key market makers.
Day Trading Success
The success rate for day traders is estimated to be around only 10%. With all the attention day trading attracts, it seems to suggest the theory is sound. Critics argue that, if that were so, at least one famous money manager would have mastered the system and claimed the title of "theWarren Buffettof day trading."
The long list of successful investors that have become legends in their own time does not include a single individual that built their reputation by day trading. EvenMichael Steinhardt, who made his fortune trading intime horizonsranging from 30 minutes to 30 days, claimed to take a long-term perspective on his investment decisions. From an economic perspective, many professionalmoney managersandfinancial advisorsshy away from day trading, arguing that the reward simply does not justify the risk.
So, if around 90% of day traders are losing money, how could anyone expect to make a living this way? The answer lies in professional training, diligent research, refined skills, great discipline, and the ability to admit mistakes and cut your losses. You have to be prepared to make split-second, unemotional decisions based on information that is sometimes incomplete, contradictory, and changing by the second. The statistics prove it's clearly much easier said than done.
Develop a process and try it out with fictional trades. Refine the process and find what works for you. Only then should you put real money on the line and start actively trading the markets. Experienced traders define what constitutes a trading setup, and the pattern and indicator combination they want to see before pulling the trigger. They rarely deviate from those setups in order to maintain focus and keep their emotions at bay.
Once you enter a position, stops should be placed to get you out of that position when a specified loss threshold is reached. If a trade is going the wrong way, hope will not help turn it around. Exiting the trade frees up your capital to redeploy to a more promising trade. You want to exit losers as soon as possible and ride the winners as long as they're profitable.
What Qualifications Do You Need to Be a Day Trader?
Being certified by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) is one of the most important qualifications for trading stocks professionally. Although a college degree is not required, having a degree in finance or another major that is math or market-related is a bonus. Successful day traders are knowledgeable about a number of stocks and other financial securities, know various electronic trading platforms, and the ins and outs of the stock market.
How Do You Start Becoming a Day Trader?
Some of the key steps to becoming a day trader include: conducting a self-assessment, understanding securities and the market, arranging sufficient capital, setting up and integrating a trading strategy, simulating and back testing, starting small and then expanding.
How Do Day Traders Make Money?
Professional day traders earn commissions when they buy and sell stock for customers. They may also be on salary if they work for a financial institution. Individual traders who play the market solo are typically trading their own capital, and can only earn or lose based on what they've invested.
The Bottom Line
Day trading is not for the faint of heart. A winning strategy may involve executing many trades in one day while avoiding the trap of overtrading and running up huge commissions. Day trading can be fun as well as profitable—if you learn the ropes and set realistic goals. If you are interested in becoming a day trader, your first step should be to choose a broker that fits your needs.
