Updated: September 10, 2024
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Credit card companies mainly earn a profit from cardholder and merchant fees, such as interest, processing and other fees. Through these charges, credit card issuers and credit card networks, such as Visa and Mastercard, sustain their business. By understanding how companies profit from your credit cards, you can learn how to minimize your payments to these financial giants.
Credit Card Companies: Profit From Purchase Fees
Consumers and merchants play a significant role in contributing to a credit card company’s profit, mainly through fees and interest charges.
Credit card companies earn money from credit cardholders and merchants.
The main sources of income for credit card companies are interest, credit card fees and transaction fees.
There are three groups that make up credit card companies: the card issuers, the card network and the card processors.
Understanding How Credit Card Companies Generate Profits
When a bank and credit union cardholder pays interest on their purchases, or annual and late fees, they are directly contributing to how these issuers make a profit. Banks and credit unions also make money from merchants who accept debit or credit cards, by charging merchant processing fees on their card-based sales. The breakdown below helps illustrate how credit card companies make a profit from customers and merchants.
Types of Credit Card Companies
Credit card companies is a broad term for three groups: card issuers, credit card networks and credit card processors. The way these groups make money varies, as they all play a different role in credit card processing.
Credit Card Issuers
Card issuers consist of banks and credit unions, who approve credit accounts and issue cards to consumers or business owners. This group makes money from credit cards by charging cardholders fees, such as annual, cash advance, interest and late.
Note that interest fees, or your annual percentage rate (APR), can get pretty high. The Federal Reserve found that the average annual APR for credit cards in the first quarter of 2021 was 15.91%. This means that if you had a balance of $1,000, you would be charged $159.10 in interest.
Credit Card Networks
A credit card network — Visa, Mastercard, Discover and American Express — enables merchants and issuers to conduct transactions by facilitating each purchase. In essence, it serves as a middleman.
Card networks, also known as card associations, make money through the fees charged each time the card is swiped. This fee covers fund transfers from each bank, providing data to the merchant and more. The more transactions there are, the more money they make.
Credit Card Processors
Card issuers and merchant banks typically don’t communicate directly with each other — they do so through credit card processors. They work in the background to ensure each transaction is processed securely and lets the card network know about it. Similar to networks, credit card processors make money from a percentage of each transaction made between a cardholder and a merchant.
3 Sources of Income for Credit Card Companies
Consumers and merchants contribute the most to a credit card company’s profit, but this eventually gets split between the different parties involved. Learn more about how a credit card company can make money below.
Ways to Earn Profit | Description |
|---|---|
Interest | If you have a balance on your credit card, issuers will charge interest on your account. The interest rate is established at the beginning of your agreement. |
Credit Card Fees | Beyond interest, credit card issuers can also charge different fees, such as annual fees or late fees. |
Transaction Fees | Card issuers, networks and processors all include transaction fees that get charged to the merchant. |
6 Ways Issuers Benefit From Cardholders
As a consumer, knowing how credit card issuers profit from your purchases is important and can help you minimize or avoid these fees altogether. There are several ways that credit card companies make money from cardholders and are detailed below.
1
Interest
Credit card balances are charged interest in exchange for the privilege of borrowing funds. The cardholder pays the interest as part of their monthly balance to the card issuer.
2
Annual Fee
Some credit cards, such as travel and rewards cards, require an annual fee. This can range anywhere from $50 to up to $500, depending on the perks the card offers.
3
Late Fee
If you pay your credit card bill late, card issuers can charge a late fee that they profit from. It can also be accompanied by a higher interest rate and varies based on the provider.
4
Cash Advance Fee
Card issuers can offer the opportunity to get cash at an ATM, but they often charge a high fee. This is a preventive measure to discourage consumers from continuously withdrawing cash.
5
Balance Transfer Fee
A balance transfer fee is charged when you transfer debt from one credit card to another, which can be a good strategy for achieving a lower interest rate. To charge you for this convenience, card issuers can require a balance transfer fee.
6
Foreign Transaction Fee
If you make a purchase outside of the U.S., credit card issuers can charge you a foreign transaction fee to deal with hassles of communicating with foreign banks.
3 Ways Merchants Contribute to Earnings
Credit card companies also make money from merchants. For every transaction, merchants are charged different fees for accepting debit or credit card payments. While the fee itself may be minimal in the transaction, these get split between the issuer, the card network and the processor.
1
Interchange Fee
Every time you use your credit card, your issuer charges the merchant an interchange fee. These are charged as a percentage of the transaction.
2
Assessment Fee
To cover the cost of maintaining their networks, card networks charge merchants a flat-rate assessment fee on every transaction.
3
Processor Fee
Credit card processors also charge merchants different fees, such as flat, incidental and transaction fees.
How Much Do Credit Card Companies Make?
It can be hard to believe that credit card companies make enough money to profit, especially given the minimal transaction and miscellaneous fees they charge. However, if you consider how many people in the U.S. have credit cards and how often they use them, these small fees and interest charges can quickly rack up into the millions.
Below are a few facts and numbers to help you get a better idea of how much credit card companies make.
Key Takeaways
A lot of Americans own a credit card
More than 175 million Americans own a credit card. This is the largest consumer lending market based on the number of users.
Americans have a lot of debt
By the end of 2020, consumers had a total of $825 billion in outstanding credit balance. This translates to millions in interest and potential late fee charges.
Average interest rates are moderate
On average, the annual APR for credit cards is 15.91%.
Visa and Mastercard make billions each year
Visa’s net revenues in 2021 stand at $24.1 billion, while Mastercard earned a net income of $2.4 billion in Q3 alone.
Ask the experts:
How do credit card companies, like banks or networks, make money?
President and Founder at Upward Personal Finance
Credit card companies/banks and networks make money on both sides of the credit card processing coin. They make money from the company who accepts your credit card and they make money from you — that is, if you don't know how to play the game. The merchant, or company/storefront that accepts cards pays a merchant service fee, between 1-4% of every transaction.
This means if you bought a $100 item from a store, they may only collect $96-$99. If you only pay the minimum payment or less than the full amount of your monthly credit card bill, you will be charged interest by the credit card company on the remaining balance until you pay it in full. With average credit card interest rates hovering at around 16%, they are happy when you don't pay your full outstanding balance. Many credit card companies also charge the cardholder an annual fee for the privilege of having the card or earning rewards/benefits.
Strategic Advisor, Retail Banking and Payments at Aite-Novarica Group
Credit cards generate revenue in three key ways:
- Interest from the monthly credit card balance.
- Interchange income, which is a fee that the merchant pays to accept credit cards instead of cash or checks. For a credit card, this is usually about 1.75% to 2% of the transaction amount.
- Fees, such as late fees, annual fees and foreign transaction fees.
Supervising Attorney at The Bankruptcy Law Center
Credit card companies make money in a few ways. They charge merchants for each transaction, typically around 2.9%. They also charge consumers for using the cards. This could be in the form of an annual fee, a balance transfer fee, a cash advance fee and late fees. They also earn interest on the money that consumers charge on their accounts, if they haven't paid off the full statement balance each month.
FAQs on Credit Card Companies
Understanding how credit card companies earn a profit can be complex. Below are some frequently asked questions (FAQs) to help you understand the process and fees.
How do credit card companies make money if you pay in full?
Even if you pay in full, credit card companies can still make money in a variety of ways. Card issuers can charge an annual fee to cardholders. Additionally, card networks and processors charge transaction fees to merchants. As long as you use your credit card, credit card companies can make a profit.
What are credit card companies?
The term “credit card companies” refers to different groups that play a role in credit card processing. This includes credit card issuers, card networks and credit card processors.
How does a bank make profit?
Banks make money off cardholders by charging them interest and fees. While interest is not always garnered, especially since it typically applies to your balance, they can still charge annual fees and other miscellaneous fees depending on your habits. Other fees include late fees, balance transfer fees and more.
Do credit card companies lose money on some customers?
Yes. Credit card companies can lose money if customers with a balance continuously miss payments.
What types of fees do credit card companies charge merchants?
Credit card companies can charge different fees to a merchant. These include assessment, interchange and processor fees.
Expert Insights
Understanding how credit card companies make money can help you minimize the amount you pay them in fees. MoneyGeek compiled insights from several experts to help consumers understand credit card companies' profits.
- How do credit card companies, like banks or networks, make money?
- How can consumers minimize their payments to credit card companies?
David B. ShipperStrategic Advisor, Retail Banking and Payments at Aite-Novarica Group
Kasey RingPresident and Founder at Upward Personal Finance
Ahren TillerSupervising Attorney at The Bankruptcy Law Center
Related Content
Understanding how credit cards work can help you make smarter financial decisions. Learn more about credit card interest, processing and types of credit cards in the following MoneyGeek resources.
- How Credit Cards Work: When used wisely, a credit card boosts your credit score. However, if misused, then it can lead you down the wrong path. Learn how credit cards work to ensure you’re using them correctly.
- How Does Credit Card Interest Work?: How much credit card interest you pay depends on your credit score, the amount of debt you have on your credit card and how long you take to repay it. Learn more in this guide by MoneyGeek.
- Credit Card Terms 101: Find definitions of most credit card terms with MoneyGeek’s credit card term glossary.
- : Credit card transactions work differently for merchants and consumers. Learn the differences in this guide by MoneyGeek.
- Guide to Credit and Credit Cards for Students: Credit cards are often misused by students who are still learning how to utilize them responsibly. Find out how to build credit, use your credit cards and what options you have when it comes to your first credit card from financial experts.
About Nathan Paulus
Nathan Paulus is the Head of Content Marketing at MoneyGeek, with nearly 10 years of experience researching and creating content related to personal finance and financial literacy.
Paulus has a bachelor's degree in English from the University of St. Thomas, Houston. He enjoys helping people from all walks of life build stronger financial foundations.
sources
- Bureau Of Consumer Financial Protection. "The Consumer Credit Card Market." Accessed January 25, 2022.
- Federal Reserve. "Consumer Credit - G.19." Accessed January 25, 2022.
- Mastercard. "Mastercard Incorporated Reports Third Quarter 2021 Financial Results." Accessed January 25, 2022.
- Visa. "Visa Inc. Reports Fiscal Fourth Quarter and Full-Year 2021 Results." Accessed January 25, 2022.
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