What Is a Floating Interest Rate?
A floating interest rate is an interest rate that changes periodically. The rate of interest moves up and down, or "floats," reflecting economic or financial market conditions. Often, it moves in tandem with a particular index or benchmark, or with general market conditions.
A floating interest rate can also be referred to as an adjustable or variable interest rate because it can vary over the term of a debt obligation.
Key Takeaways
- A floating interest rate changes periodically, as opposed to a fixed (or unchanging) interest rate.
- Floating rates are used by credit card companies and are commonly seen with mortgages.
- These rates reflect the market, follow an index, or track another benchmark interest rate.
- Floating rates are also called variable rates.
- They're considered riskier than fixed rates.
Understanding Floating Interest Rates
A floating interest rate rises or falls with the rest of the market or along with a benchmark interest rate. The underlying benchmark interest rate or index depends on the type of loanor security, but it is often either theSecured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR), thefederal funds rate, or the prime rate(the interest rate financial institutions charge their most creditworthy corporate customers).
When it comes to consumer loans and other debt (e.g., mortgages, car loans, or credit cards), banks and financial institutions charge aspreadover this benchmark rate, with the spread depending on several factors, such as the type of asset and the consumer’scredit rating. Thus, a floating rate might define itself as “the SOFR plus 300 basis points" or "plus 3%."
All sorts of loans and debt instruments carry floating interest rates. But they tend to be especially common with credit cardsand mortgages.
Floating interest rates may be adjusted quarterly, semiannually, or annually.
Types of Floating-Rate Products
Home loans that carry floating rates are known as adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs). ARMs have rates that adjust based on a preset margin (or spread) and a major mortgage index such as SOFR, the Cost of Funds Index (COFI), or the Monthly Treasury Average (MTA). If an individual takes out an ARM with a 2% margin over the SOFR, for example, and SOFR is at 3% when the mortgage's rate adjusts, the mortgage rate resets to 5% (the margin plus the index).
Most credit cards charge floating or variable interest rates on unpaid balances. The credit card agreement that new cardholders receive will state that the card's annual percentage rate (APR) is based on a particular rate or index plus a certain percentage (or margin). The agreement will usually include text such as "this APR will vary with the market."
Credit card interest rates are predominantly indexed to the prime rate, a rate set by individual banks (and which can reflect the federal funds interest rate set by the Federal Reserve several times per year). Credit card companies then add to that rate a margin that varies at the card product level and according to an individual account holder's credit quality.
Floating Interest Rate vs. Fixed Interest Rate
A floating interest rate contrasts with a fixed interest rate. With a fixed interest rate, the rate is constant and doesn't change. It might apply to the entire term of the loan or debt obligation, or for just part of it.
Residential mortgages can be obtained with either fixed or floating interest rates. With fixed interest rates, the mortgage interest rate is static and cannot change for the duration of the mortgage agreement. With floating or variable interest rates, the mortgage interest rates can change periodically with the market.
For example, if someone takes out a fixed-rate mortgage with a 4% interest rate, the individual will pay that rate for the lifetime of the loan, and the payments will be the same throughout the loan term.
In contrast, if a borrower takes out a mortgage with a variable rate, it may start with a 4% rate and then adjust, either up or down, changing the monthly payments over the life of the loan.
Example of a Floating Interest Rate Loan
Herbert and Amanda are buying a house. They take out a $500,000, 30-year 7/1 ARM. This means that their loan's interest rate is fixed at, for example, 2% for seven years. At the end of that time, the mortgage resets to a floating interest rate, which changes once a year. The floating rate is pegged to the SOFR.
In the eighth year, their interest rate rises to 4%, reflecting the SOFR. In the ninth year, the SOFR rate has dropped slightly, so their interest rate decreases to 3.7%. In the 10th year, the SOFR decreases again and the couple's floating interest rate also falls again, to 3.5%. The interest the couple pays on the mortgage will continue to fluctuate annually, until the mortgage is paid off or refinanced.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Floating Rates
Advantages
- Floating rate mortgages tend to have lower introductory interest rates than fixed-rate mortgages, and that can make them more appealing to some borrowers.
- Those who plan to sell their property and repay the loan before the rate adjusts or borrowers who expect their equity to increase quickly as home values increase may choose an ARM.
- Floating interest rates may float down, thus lowering the borrower's monthly payments.
Disadvantages
- The key disadvantage of a floating rate is that the rate may float upward and increase a borrower's monthly payments, even perhaps to the point of making those payments impossible.
- A floating rate loan is unpredictable, making it tough to budget cash flow and to calculate the long-term costs of borrowing.
- Unless you're the chair of the Fed, the forces governing the changes in rates are beyond your control.
Advisor Insight
James Di Virgilio, CIMA, CFP
Chacon Diaz & Di Virgilio, Gainesville, FL
When it comes to long-term borrowing, it is best to stay away from a floating rate or any type of variable loan, and this is particularly true when interest rates are very low. It is important to know exactly what your debt will cost you so that you can budget accurately without any surprises.
When you choose to use a variable-rate loan, you are essentially gambling that interest rates will be lower in the future. Each year, a changing interest rate environment could bring a new and potentially higher interest rate, which could significantly increase the amount of interest you will have to pay.
When rates are historically low, the odds are good that rates will increase in the future and not decrease, making a floating-rate loan a poor choice. Therefore, using a fixed-rate loan, especially in a low-interest-rate environment,is the wisest move.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Which Is Better, a Floating or Fixed Interest Rate?
As a borrower, that depends on your financial situation and your outlook on interest rates or the economy. While a floating interest rate may save you money, it can make your financial planning and budgeting difficult because it changes. Plus, you may be forced to spend more money if it rises. So, floating interest rates pose a risk. A fixed interest rate never changes. You can plan with confidence and enjoy a greater sense of security in an increasing rate environment.
What Is An Example of a Floating Rate?
A floating rate is a certain base rate (usually tied to a benchmark rate such as the U.S. prime rate or SOFR) plus a margin above that base. So, if a certain debt instrument has a floating rate tied to the SOFR plus a 6% margin, and SOFR is at 6%, then the floating rate is 12%.
Do Credit Cards Have Floating Rates?
Yes, the majority of credit cards have floating, or variable, rates. The rates typically fluctuate according to the prime rate. Then, the credit card company adds a percentage on top of that to determine the card's interest rate. For example, if the prime rate is 8% and the added amount is 12%, then the credit card rate is 20%.
The Bottom Line
A floating interest rate, otherwise known as a variable interest rate, changes periodically in accordance with the benchmark rate to which it's pegged. If the benchmark rate increases, the floating interest rate increases, and vice-versa.
If a floating rate drops, borrowers will save money with lower monthly payments. However, if it rises, they'll be faced with having to pay more each month than they had previously. This risk of higher borrowing costs is the floating interest rate's primary disadvantage for borrowers.
