| Term | Definition |
| Search Term | Term you searched with. if this is a recognized synonym rather than the official gene symbol then your search term will not match the gene name. |
| Clone ID | Internal link to information about growth conditions, insert & vector, references, and more (Clone ID is assigned by DNASU). |
| Original Clone ID | ID of the plasmid provided by the depositor at the time of submission. |
| PDB ID | The Protein Data Bank (PDB) ID links to the structure of the insert within this plasmid. If a PDB ID is provided, this clone was used for structure determination. |
| Target ID | Target Track is a target registration database, provides information on the experimental progress and status of targets selected for structural determination by the Protein Structure Initiative and other worldwide high-throughput structural biology projects. |
| Clone Type | Broad category the clone falls into (e.g. cDNA insert, genomic fragment insert, no insert). |
| Gene ID or (Organism-Specific) ID | External link to NCBI's Entrez Gene record for the gene (Human, mouse, HPV-16, others) or the Organism-specific ID relevant to the clone (Yeast, Pseudomonas, others). |
| Gene Symbol | Official gene symbol for the gene. Typically a short form abbreviation of the gene name (e.g., CAN1) defined by Entrez Gene. |
| Gene Name | Full name of the gene as given by NCBI or an organism-specific database. |
| Reference Sequence | Sequence that the insert was INTENDED to be (for example, target sequence in a large-scale ORF cloning project). Not necessarily an exact match or same limits as the actual insert. |
| Mutation | We use "mutation" to show clones that were made from a mutant allele or were intentionally engineered to have a mutation (for example, a change introduced to create a dominant negative form of a gene). Other differences can be present: see "DISCREPANCIES" and "FORMAT" (fusion v. closed) and make note that a tag/fusion protein ORF (such as GST, EGFP or Myc) might be a feature of the INSERT or of the VECTOR. Check both to be sure you have learned all you can about the clone! Click here for more information about how we notate particular mutations and discrepancies on DNASU. |
| Discrepancy | Alerts you to nucleotide differences between the reference sequence (the sequence the researcher(s) intended to clone) and the actual clone. Discrepancies may be silent or conserved substitutions, naturally occurring polymorphisms, splice variants, PCR-introduced errors, small deletions, or other difference that creates a difference between the actual clone and the reference sequence. Click on the clone sequence in the clone page and then do a conceptual translation or BLAST search to see if the clone is acceptable for your needs. Click here for more information about how we notate particular mutations and discrepancies on DNASU. |
| Linker | The linker sequences are the sequences that the depositing research expects are immediately flanking the insert sequence. In cases where the actual linker differs from the predicted linker, the correct linker sequence will be displayed as part of the insert sequence. |
| Insert Format | cDNA/ORFs in which the natural stop codon is present are consider CLOSED whereas those in which the natural stop codon was purposely changed in order to create/allow C-terminal fusions are considered FUSION plasmids. For clones in recombinational vectors, the 'acceptor' or 'expression' vector you choose will determine what C-terminal fusion is made. |
| Selection Markers | Resistance genes or similar present in the clone for selection (note that selection is listed for a particular host cell/organism). |
| Distribution | Information on any limits to distribution on the clone. The majority of clones are limited to academic and non-profit labs but additional restrictions and/or special treatment (see below) may apply. |
| Max Identity (%)/ Alignment Length | This field refers to the alignment of the Blast input (query) sequence to its matched (subject) sequence and indicates the maximum percentage of identical nucleotides or amino acids within the noted alignment length. Click here for more information about Blast. |
| Max Alignment Length/ Identity (%) | This field refers to the alignment of the Blast input (query) sequence to matched (subject) sequence and indicates the maximum alignment length between the input and match and the percentage identity within this length. Click here for more information about Blast. |
| Is Verified and Verification Method | "Is verified" indicates whether or note the DONOR lab verified the insert/clone by some method (for example, by sequencing the insert or restriction enzyme digestion and analysis of fragments) and "verification method" tells you what method was used. This does NOT mean that we confirmed this information by any method. As is always the case, it's best to confirm the identity of the plasmid by some appropriate method before you use the clone. We welcome your feedback -- if you find a clone isn't what you thought it was, please let us know as soon as possible. |
| Special MTA | Information on additional material transfer agreements (MTAs) required for specific clones. Please click here for more information about MTAs for plasmids from DNASU. |
| Plasmid Clone | Defined in DNASU as vector (required) + an insert (optional) = clone. |
| Vector | The vector used in the construct. Only when we list the vector as a CLONE do we actually have the empty vector in our collection. Clicking on the vector name from the search page internally links to information about the vector, including features, properties, PDF file of map and text of sequence (when available), references, and more. |
| cDNA | Partial or full-length cDNA inserts cloned directly or via PCR from a cDNA template. Please note that human clones from HIP were cloned from cDNA so they're listed as such but they contain only the open reading frame (no 5' or 3' UTR). Other cDNA clones in the collection may or may not have partial or complete UTRs. |
| ORF | cDNA-like fragment that was cloned based on annotation of ORFs on a particular genome (for example, all of the predicted ORFs from Pseudomonas were cloned -- not cDNAs -- and thus, the ORF clones may not be the same as what you'd get with a collection based on cDNAs). |
| Example | Discrepancy type | Description |
| g553a | nucleotide point mutation | Indicates a change at a location in the nucleotide reference sequence (e.g., 533) from one nucleotide to another (e.g., guanine to adenine) |
| E185K | amino acid point mutation | Indicates a change at a location in the amino acid reference sequence (e.g., 185) from one amino acid to another (e.g., glutamic acid to lysine) |
| del405-436 | nucleotide/amino acid deletion | Indicates that the nucleotides or amino acids at a particular location (e.g., 405-436) in the reference sequence have been removed. The format of the reference sequence (amino acid or protein sequence) will determine if the deletion is from the nucleotide or protein sequence. |
| 387ins31 | nucleotide/amino acid insertion | Indicates that a particular number of nucleotides or amino acids (e.g., 387) were inserted at a particular location (e.g., 31) in the reference sequence. The format of the reference sequence (amino acid or protein sequence) will determine if the insertion is in the nucleotide or protein sequence. |
FAQs
A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms.
What is the DNA called plasmid? ›
A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA. Plasmids naturally exist in bacterial cells, and they also occur in some eukaryotes. Often, the genes carried in plasmids provide bacteria with genetic advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.
What are the three parts of a plasmid? ›
Basic components you will find in almost any plasmid are (1) an origin of replication (ori, often seen as pUC ori), the initiation site for plasmid DNA replication recognized by the bacteria, and (2) a selection marker, often antibiotic resistance.
How is plasmid DNA expressed? ›
To express the genes inside the cell, the complementary DNA (cDNA) is cloned into the multiple cloning site of a plasmid containing a promoter and poly-adenylation (poly A) signal as the ending sequence. After gene delivery, the plasmid could replenish the abnormal gene expression in the host cells for several days.
What are plasmids simple words? ›
A plasmid is a small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and some other microscopic organisms. Plasmids are physically separate from chromosomal DNA and replicate independently.
What are the three forms of plasmid? ›
The prominent forms of monomeric plasmids are the covalently closed circular (ccc)1 form, the open circular (oc) form (also called “nicked form”), and the linear form (typically obtained by unique re- striction digestion).
What is a plasmid DNA sequence? ›
The plasmid vectors most widely used for gene cloning are small circular molecules of double-stranded DNA derived from larger plasmids that occur naturally in bacterial cells.
Are plasmids in human DNA? ›
Plasmid is a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Human beings do not contain a plasmid.
Why is it called plasmid? ›
A quick trip to Wikipedia tells us that the term plasmid was first used by Joshua Lederberg in Cell Genetics and Hereditary Symbiosis. It seems that he coined the term plasmid to reconcile the many terms used to describe extrachromosomal DNA, at the time.
What are the 5 types of plasmids? ›
Which are the Types of Plasmids?
- Resistance Plasmids.
- Virulence Plasmids.
- Degradative Plasmids.
- Col Plasmids.
- Fertility F Plasmids.
Plasmid Vector
| Vector Element | Description |
|---|
| Multiple Cloning Sites (MCS) | Recognition sites to insert foreign DNA fragment by using restriction enzymes, a few or single recognition site is preferred to avoid getting several fragments |
| Promoter Region | Promotes transcription of the target gene to get the desired protein |
3 more rowsPlasmid DNA can exist in three conformations: supercoiled, open-circular (oc), and linear (supercoiled plasmid DNA is often referred to as covalently closed circular DNA, ccc).
How do you confirm plasmid DNA? ›
Run a gel electrophoresis
To check the quality of your plasmid DNA, you can run a gel. A gel will tell you a couple of things about your plasmid. First, it will tell you the plasmid's confirmation: supercoiled, linear, or circular. It will also tell you if there is any genomic DNA or RNA contamination in your sample.
How is DNA inserted into a plasmid? ›
Foreign DNA is inserted into a plasmid by ligating the DNA into a complementary site in the plasmid. These sites are generated by digesting the DNA and vector with the same restriction enzyme. (The site for the restriction enzyme that is chosen should only be represented once in the plasmid).
Can plasmid DNA be transferred? ›
These plasmids can be transferred among species and even genera of bacteria, although some transfer to dissimilar populations has been demonstrated (Yamamoto et al., 1988). However, the more similar an organism is, the higher the potential for transfer.
What is the meaning of the name plasmid? ›
Plasmid refers to the separated DNA molecule from chromosomal DNA, which has the ability to replicate on its own. Plasmids are known to be small, circular molecules of DNA that have the ability to replicate independently, as they do not depend on the organism's chromosomal DNA for replication.
What is the origin of the word plasmid? ›
OED's earliest evidence for plasmid is from 1952, in a paper by J. Lederberg. plasmid is formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: plasma n., ‑id suffix2.
Which best describes a plasmid? ›
A plasmid is a piece of circular DNA present in bacterial cells that carries genes essential to the survival of the cell under any growth conditions.
Which is the best description of a plasmid? ›
A plasmid is a closed circular molecule of double-stranded DNA that range in size from 1 to >200 kb. Plasmids are found in various bacterial species, where they behave as additional genetic units inherited and replicated independently of the bacterial chromosome.
