An independent blockchain acting in concert with Bitcoin, Ethereum or other major chain, which retroactively became known as "Layer 1 chains" or "main chains." Layer 2 chains process new transactions faster while reducing the load on Layer 1 and typically taking lower fees.
A connection (channel, bridge, etc.) is opened between Layer 1 and Layer 2, and at periodic intervals, a summary of Layer 2 transactions is added to Layer 1 for a permanent record. A major consideration of Layer 2 chains is how transactions are validated before they are "cast in concrete" on the main chain. New Layer 2 solutions are being devised all the time, making this is a major topic in the crypto world. See blockchain.
Sidechains
Although sidechains and Layer 2 chains are often considered synonymous, their only similarity is that they function as auxiliary networks to a Layer 1 chain. A sidechain has its own consensus method for adding blocks, and like a Layer 1 chain, a sidechain requires a sufficient number of validators. See sidechain, consensus mechanism and Polygon blockchain.
Plasma Chains
Like sidechains, plasma chains have their own consensus method. Plasma provides a framework for building Layer 2 chains on Ethereum. At a fixed interval, a compressed representation of each block is committed to a smart contract on Ethereum.
State Channels (Payment Channels)
With state channels, crypto is deposited in a smart contract on Layer 1, and a connection is opened between two parties. Payments are made on Layer 2, and when completed, a ticket is signed on Layer 1. State channels can be bi-directional and also handle another party if channels have previously been opened. Bitcoin's Layer 2 Lightning chain uses state channels (see Lightning Network).
Rollup Chains
Rollup chains accumulate and settle transactions. At some interval, a summary of the transactions is "rolled up" and posted on the main Layer 1 chain. Optimistic Rollups assume people are honest but transactions can be disputed (see Optimism). Zero-Knowledge Rollups (ZK Rollups) provide cryptographic proof without divulging every detail (see zero-knowledge proof). See Layer 3 blockchain.
Layer 2 SolutionsAs Bitcoin and Ethereum became more popular, Layer 2 chains were developed to handle thousands of small-value transactions and store them as summaries on the main chain. Layer 2 chains also keep Layer 1 chains from growing too large and cumbersome.
