Closing the Black employer gap: Insights from the latest data on Black-owned businesses (2024)

Research

Andre M. Perry,

Andre M. Perry Senior Fellow - Brookings Metro, Director - Center for Community Uplift

Manann Donoghoe, and

Manann Donoghoe Senior Research Associate - Brookings Metro

Hannah Stephens

Hannah Stephens Research Assistant - Brookings Metro

February 15, 2024

Closing the Black employer gap: Insights from the latest data on Black-owned businesses (4)
  • 10 min read

Throughout 2021, the United States saw immense public investment to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic’s economic effects. At the same time, social movements for racial equity rallied many Americans to “Buy Black” and support Black-owned businesses.

Authors

Andre M. Perry Senior Fellow - Brookings Metro, Director - Center for Community Uplift @andreperryedu

Manann Donoghoe Senior Research Associate - Brookings Metro @ManannanAD

Hannah Stephens Research Assistant - Brookings Metro

That year, the number of Black-owned employer businesses (businesses with more than one employee) increased by 14.3% from the prior year. In fact, according to the Census Bureau’s Annual Business Survey, the number of Black-owned employer businesses grew consecutively from 2017 to 2021. Black-owned employer businesses also had the highest percentage increases in employees (7%), revenue (30%), and payroll (27%) in 2021 compared to white, Asian American, Latino or Hispanic, and Native American employer businesses.

But even so, the overall share of Black-owned employer businesses remained disproportionately low relative to their share of the U.S. population: In 2021, Black Americans represented 2.7% of employers, yet made up 14.4% of the population. Comparatively, white Americans owned 82% of employer businesses and made up 72.5% of the population, while Asian Americans owned 10.9% of employer business and made up 6.3% of the population. Latino or Hispanic and Native Americans also had disproportionately low shares, representing 6.9% and 0.8% of employer business owners yet 19.1% and 2.6% of the population, respectively.

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Even if Black business ownership continued to grow at the rate it did in 2021 (the largest percentage increase since 2017), Black-owned businesses would still not reach parity with their population share for another 80 years. If we assume an expansion in the size of the economy such that no gains in Black business revenue or size came at the expense of non-Black businesses, it would take an additional 682,000 Black-owned employer businesses to equal the share of Black individuals in 2021—representing an estimated $776 billion more in revenue and the creation of 5.9 million jobs.

As part of our annual series on Black business ownership, this report expands on thePath to 15|55 initiative, which seeks to grow Black businesses and close racial disparities in employer business ownership based on the latest data from the Census Bureau’s Annual Business Survey (ABS). The ABS Program combines data results from survey respondents and administrative records to produce data on business ownership. The survey is collected from employer businesses and nonemployer data are compiled from administrative records.

Closing the gaps we explore in this report necessitates that community developers, investors, and Black entrepreneurs acquire, merge, and expand existing Black businesses—especially those which currently lack the capacity to hire employees. According to the most recent data from the Census Bureau’s Nonemployer Statistics, in 2019, Black-owned sole proprietorships (businesses without employees) were closer than Black employer businesses to equality with the share of the Black population: They represented 12.7% of all sole proprietorships—a total of 3.5 million businesses, and an increase of 10.9% from the year prior.

Sole proprietorships make up a disproportionately high share of Black-owned businesses overall: 96.3%, which is more than white (81.1%), Asian American (80.1%), Latino or Hispanic (92.4%), and Native American (92.4%) sole proprietorship shares. These disparities reflect the systemic barriers Black business owners face in becoming employers due to unequal access to capital, networks, and government contracts.

This interactive report gives insights on Black-owned businesses by providing summary statistics on the latest data from 2021 and reflections on trends in Black business ownership since 2017. Trends are presented nationally and for metro areas across the U.S, illustrating which cities were most hospitable to Black business owners.

  • Footnotes
    1. This data relates to populations the Census Bureau refers to as “American Indian and Alaska Native,” but not Native Hawaiians.

This data relates to populations the Census Bureau refers to as “American Indian and Alaska Native,” but not Native Hawaiians.

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FAQs

Closing the Black employer gap: Insights from the latest data on Black-owned businesses? ›

Percentage changes in Business Characteristics

How is the dei backlash hurting Black-owned businesses? ›

Google and Meta have started to defund their DEI programs, and funding to Black founders continues to dip. Lawsuits have been filed targeting DEI programs, forcing companies to now hide their inclusion efforts while billionaires are arguing on X about whether DEI initiatives are discriminatory or not.

Why is it important to support Black-owned businesses? ›

Black Owned Businesses create inclusivity within the market and offer the opportunity to create new jobs within their communities and improve the relationship within them. This all promotes the economy by closing the racial wealth gap and aims to increase the capital of the country.

What is the impact of black businesses in African American communities? ›

The result of bridging the wealth gap means more jobs and increased income for everyone in our communities, which results in: An increase of family income – increasing the cash flow a family receives from entrepreneurship or the labor market.

What is one resource to help Black-owned businesses succeed? ›

Black Connect.org

It provides networking opportunities for Black business owners, as well as business-related educational programs, activities, events, and funding through pitch competitions.

What companies are getting rid of DEI? ›

Tractor Supply Co., the Tennessee-based animal feed and farm retailer, announced in June — LGBTQ+ Pride Month — that it was abandoning all diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives following a barrage of pressure from far-right activists.

Why is there a backlash against DEI? ›

Three factors behind the pushback

DEI experts point to common sources that underlie resistance, including a feeling of loss of control or autonomy, a misunderstanding of the virtue of “colorblindness,” and a belief that social equalities have already been addressed.

What is the most common Black-owned business? ›

Healthcare and social assistance is the most common sector for Black-owned businesses.
  • Black-owned businesses produce about $183.3 billion in annual receipts, employing 1.4 million employees.
  • New Mexico has the highest percentage increase (323.8%) in new Black-owned startups from the year 2020-2021.
Feb 16, 2024

Why Black businesses matter? ›

Black people have long understood that entrepreneurship was the ultimate pathway to economic freedom. It was our escape from the discriminatory workplaces where we were overlooked for promotions, demoted or let go when profits got tight, and ignored and undervalued when earnings were up.

Why do we need Black leaders? ›

Black leaders serve as role models, mentors, and advocates for equitable practices, ultimately contributing to a more just and productive corporate culture.

Who is the most successful black business in the United States? ›

What Is the Biggest Black-Owned Business in America? World Wide Technology (WWT), with $17 billion in revenue in 2023, is the largest Black-owned business in the United States.

What are the unique challenges to black businesses today? ›

One of the most significant challenges that Black entrepreneurs face is the pervasive stereotypes, bias, and discrimination that exists in our society. These negative perceptions can hinder their ability to secure funding, attract customers, have access to markets, and build professional relationships.

What U.S. city has the most Black-owned businesses? ›

As of 2022, Atlanta had 10,689 Black-owned businesses representing various industries, including food, hair, healthcare, and entertainment. Despite having the most Black-owned businesses in the U.S., there is a drastic disparity in resources available for Black entrepreneurs, according to LendingTree's study.

How can we support black businesses? ›

Offer Mentorship and Resources

If you have the expertise, technical skills, learned experiences, or a network that can benefit a business owner, Google Black-owned businesses in your area or reach out to organizations supporting them and share one or more of these value adds to their table.

What was the golden age of black business? ›

From about 1900 to 1930, there was a golden age of Black-owned businesses in the US. Because Jim Crow laws forced African-Americans to form more insulated communities separate from whites, it led to a boom in entrepreneurship.

What are the barriers to Black entrepreneurs? ›

Black entrepreneurs have historically faced challenges accessing capital — not just from traditional banks, but also venture capital firms. Compared to their counterparts, they often lack generational wealth that can provide seed money for their businesses or family connections that can open certain doors.

What is the controversy with the DEI programs? ›

Critics say DEI programs are discriminatory and attempt to solve racial discrimination by disadvantaging other groups, particularly White Americans. But supporters and industry experts insist the decades-old practice has been politicized and is widely misunderstood.

What are the risks of DEI initiatives? ›

Discrimination claims are one of the greatest risks associated with DEI initiatives. While the intention behind implementing these kinds of programs is to promote equity and inclusivity, the wrong execution can inadvertently lead to claims of discrimination.

What are the negative effects of diversity in business? ›

Negative Impacts of Workplace Diversity
  • Unresolved Conflict. Greater differences in a workplace produces more potential for conflict among employees. ...
  • Poor Communication. ...
  • Potential Turnover. ...
  • Time and Money. ...
  • References.

What is diversity backlash? ›

Diversity training backlash occurs when organizations fail to support diversity-associated thoughts, feelings, or behaviors in recruiting or retaining diverse personnel.

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