Britannica Money (2024)

Investment banking is a business that facilitates capital markets and the larger financial community. Investment bankers connect investors to companies that are raising money by issuing stocks and bonds. Most investment banks also offer broker-dealer services to help customers—often institutional clients—buy and sell securities, and they may also provide businesses with advice on mergers, acquisitions, and other strategic transactions. They play a key part in the financial system by allocating capital to economically productive uses.

The primary work of an investment bank is in the primary market

Investment banks engage in corporate finance, which means they help businesses raise money in the stock and bond markets. These are public, regulated markets, so bankers must pay careful attention to financial regulations and compliance.

Investment bankers organize public offerings by writing and filing prospectuses as well as estimating valuation and finding investors who will buy the offerings. This “primary market” is the first time that the securities are made available to investors. After they are issued, the securities trade on the stock exchange and in bond markets, which are known as secondary markets. Combined, the primary and secondary markets are known as capital markets.

Many investment banks also work in public finance, which raises money for state and local governments. This involves issuing municipal bonds and arranging asset sales and leases.

Most investment banks engage in other activities

Some investment banks only issue stocks and bonds for clients, but most have a portfolio of businesses that support corporate finance operations. These include:

• Broker-dealer services. A broker brings buyers and sellers of securities together. A dealer sells securities from its own inventory. Investment banks have broker-dealer services for institutional and retail investors to attract customers for investment banking deals, support trading in securities issued in banking transactions, and maintain a base of revenue when corporate finance activity is in a downcycle (i.e., a slow period for initial public offerings [IPOs] or merger and acquisition [M&A] deals).
• Advisory. Because investment banking analysts research markets to help their clients raise money, they are aware of other opportunities in the market. They may provide advice on IPOs, M&A deals, spin-offs (i.e., the sale of a company business unit), and other strategic transactions to help their clients thrive. Some offer advice on risk management, including options and futures transactions to help clients manage costs and supply chains.
• Currency operations. Many investment banks operate globally, so they provide their clients with research and transaction capabilities to manage exchange rates and take advantage of opportunities to invest overseas.

How investment banks support capital formation

Investment banks play a key role in the economy by helping clients with money to invest and generate a return from clients that need funds to support growth. In this way, they make it more likely that companies can expand. Also, taking a company public for the first time (IPO) or selling it to another company (M&A) creates liquidity for early-stage investors, giving them an incentive to keep funding new companies.

Some of the biggest investment banking players

Investment banking is a competitive business, so it’s no surprise that investment banks carefully track which firms are going up and which are not. Each quarter the Financial Times newspaper publishes its league tables, which rank the top investment banks just like general newspapers list sports teams.

The league tables list all banks that engage in corporate finance activities. The largest bank is JPMorgan Chase (JPM), which is a money center bank with both commercial and investment banking activities around the globe. Other large money center banks include Bank of America (BAC) through its BofA Securities division, Citi (C), and Wells Fargo (WFC). Goldman Sachs (GS) and Morgan Stanley (MS) are leading global investment banks that received commercial banking charters during the 2008 financial crisis.

The Financial Times top 10 list (as of April 2024) is rounded out by investment banks based outside the United States: Barclays (BCLYF), BNP Paribas (BNPQY), Deutsche Bank (DB), and RBC Capital Markets (RY).

The bottom line

Investment bankers tend to work long hours in a high-pressure environment and are typically well compensated for their efforts. Whether the investment banking sector is fairly compensated for the value it creates—which has been tremendous over the past century—is an argument as old as free market capitalism itself.

But there’s an old saying on Wall Street: Capital gravitates to where it’s treated best. Investment banking provides many of the essential functions that “treat capital well.” Investment banks help businesses raise money to grow and expand. They expand capital market access and work to make markets function efficiently, to the benefit of society as a whole.

References

• What Is an Investment Banker? | cfainstitute.org
• League Tables | markets.ft.com