Auger (2024)

Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)

Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique that utilizes a high-energy electron beam as an excitation source.Atoms that are excited by the electron beam can subsequently relax, leading to the emission of “Auger” electrons. The kinetic energies of the emitted Auger electrons are characteristic of elements present within the top 3-10 nm of the sample.

This technique was named after French physicist Pierre Victor Auger in 1923. However, most people now recognize Austrian-Swedish physicistLise Meitneras the person that first discovered that the emission of electrons from surfaces of atoms can create energy signatures.

The Auger Electron Spectroscopy technique uses a primary electron beam, typically in the 3 to 25 keV range. Atoms that are excited by the electron beam can relax through the emission of Auger electrons. The kinetic energies of the emitted Auger electrons are measured and are characteristic of elements present at the surface of a sample. The resulting spectrum is usually plotted as the derivative of the signal intensity vs. kinetic energy, with each element showing a unique “fingerprint” for elemental identification.

The electron beam can be rastered over a large or small surface area, or it can be directly focused on a small surface feature. This scanning electron beam also generates secondary electron (SEM)images that are used to locate the features of interest. Auger maps and linescans show the lateral distribution of elements on a surface, while depth profiles can reveal thecompositionas a function of depth.

AES Key Applications

Auger (2)

With a small electron beam diameter, AES is very useful when investing particles and small areas, as it has the ability to investigate sizes smaller than 25 nm. It also provides a good alternative when thin films are too thin forEDS analysis. AES can sample thin film stacks to a depth of a micron or more with sputtering.

Above all, AES is a semi-quantitative method, meaning that we typically provide results based on standard sensitivity factors provided by the equipment manufacturer. Where more accurate results are required, these can be obtained by looking at known compositions and comparing them to the unknown material.

The electron beam can be scanned over a variably sized area, or it can be directly focused on a specific surface feature of interest. This ability to focus the electron beam to diameters of 10-20 nm makesAuger Electron Spectroscopy an extremely useful tool for elemental analysis of small surface features.Other techniques that may also be considered areXPSandTXRF. When used in combination with a sputtering ion gun, Auger Electron Spectroscopy can also perform compositional depth profiling.

Auger’s high spatial resolution capabilities and surface sensitivity make it the technique of choice for the following types of applications:

  • Analyzing sub-µm particles todetermine contaminationsources
  • Identifying defects inelectronic devicesto investigatefailurecauses
  • Determining the oxide layer thickness of electro-polished devices
  • Small-area depth profiling of bond pads on die
  • Mapping of elemental distribution on discolored or corroded regions
  • Cross-sectional analysis of buried defects in film stacks
  • Identifying grain boundary contamination in metal fractures, fatigues and failures
  • Integrity and uniformity ofthin film coatingssuch as diamond-like-carbon (DLC)

Ideal Uses of Auger Electron Spectroscopy

  • Defect analysis
  • Particle analysis
  • Surface analysis
  • Small-area depth profiling
  • Thin film analysis composition
  • Metallurgical analysis

Auger Strengths

  • High Spatial Resolution: ≥10nm minimum spot size
  • Surface Sensitive; top 3-10nm
  • Identification of all elements except H and He
  • 2D and 3D elemental distribution of small areas
  • Rapid analysis for elemental composition
  • Can analyze up to 300mm wafers
Auger (3)

Limitations

  • Minimal chemical state information
  • Insulators are difficult
  • Samples must be vacuum compatible
  • Detection limits of ~0.1% to 1% atomic

Auger Electron Spectroscopy Technical Specifications

  • Signal Detected:Auger electrons from near surface atoms
  • Elements Detected:Li-U
  • Detection Limits: 0.1-1 at%; sub-monolayer
  • Depth Resolution: 2-20 nm (in depth profiling mode)
  • Imaging/Mapping:Yes
  • Lateral Resolution/Probe Size: ≥10 nm

EAG has unmatched experience handling both routine and non-routine Auger analysis requests and, for many years, has used Auger Electron Spectroscopy to address a wide variety of industrial analytical applications.

EAG’s extensive Auger Electron Spectroscopy expertise has direct analytical benefits, whether we analyze sub-μm particles to determine contamination sources in wafer processing equipment or analyze defects in electronic devices to investigate the root cause of failures.

Finally, Auger analysis has extensive applications inmetallurgicalstudies, including in the determination of oxide layer thickness of electro-polishedmedical devices, and EAG continually draws on its experience to help solve demanding problems from customers in many industry sectors.

Would you like to learn more about using Auger Electron Spectroscopy ?

Contact us today for your Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) needs. Please complete the form below to have an EAG expert contact you.

Auger (2024)

FAQs

What to do when an auger doesn't work? ›

You need to make sure that you've securely tightened thumbscrew(the piece that secures the cable inside the drum or handle). If the thumbscrew is loose, the cable will not rotate at all when you twist the handle. The cable rotation is how the drain snake picks up debris, so if it can't do this, your auger won't work.

Is it worth it to buy an auger? ›

For health reasons alone, augers are a worthwhile investment. However, for people who have a lot of digging to do, an earth auger becomes a time-saving necessity.

Is an auger better than a snake? ›

The main difference between a toilet auger vs. snake is how they remove materials clogging a pipe. A snake is designed to pull out clogs. Augers are more for forcing through a blockage and breaking it up.

What is auger explained? ›

auger, tool (or bit) used with a carpenter's brace for drilling holes in wood. It looks like a corkscrew and has six parts: screw, spurs, cutting edges, twist, shank, and tang. The screw looks like a tapered wood screw and is short and small in diameter; it centres the bit and draws it into the work.

Why is my drain still clogged after snaking? ›

The problem is simply that the snake is too short. For clogs deeply embedded down the length of your drain or sewer pipes, an extra-long auger that is 50 feet longer or more is the only way to reach the clog.

Why is my toilet still clogged after snaking? ›

The Short Answer Is: A toilet can repeatedly clog due to several reasons, including inadequate flushing power, an obstructed trap or drainpipe, or an accumulation of non-flushable materials like toilet paper, hygiene products, or foreign objects.

What is the disadvantage of auger? ›

The principal disadvantage of sampling by auger methods is that samples are highly disturbed and soils from different strata can be mixed. Because of the potential for mixing soils from different strata, stratigraphic logging using cuttings from auger borings is extremely difficult.

Do augers work in rocky soil? ›

For drilling in rocky soils, always recommend heavy-duty augers to avoid damage. These augers are equipped with a more durable tooth and side cutting blades as well as heavy-duty flighting.

How hard is it to use an auger? ›

One-man augers are smaller and less powerful than two-man augers, which require two strong people to operate. How hard is it to use a one-man auger? Harder than you might think, especially if the soil is rocky or made of heavy clay. Ergonomic handlebars designed to reduce vibration and fatigue help.

How far down does an auger go? ›

Some powered earth augers can drill deeper, to depths of 20 feet or more. It is worth noting that specialized industrial augers exist for specific applications. These heavy-duty earth augers can dig holes up to 95 feet deep for large construction, mining or geotechnical engineering needs.

How deep can an auger go? ›

How Deep Can You Drill with an Auger? An auger can drill holes as deep as 95 feet and as shallow as 3 feet. However, once the depth goes beyond 95 feet, you can add an extension rod to the auger.

Can you damage pipes with auger? ›

Cracks and fractures: Resolved and unresolved cracks can worsen after contact with the auger. You might pull the pipe too hard if the prongs or wires hitch on a chipped area.

What size auger do I need? ›

The size of the drill bit determines the diameter of the hole. 2- to 3-inch bits: Useful for planting bulbs or installing small poles. 6-inch bit: Often used to dig holes for small plants and steel fence posts. 8- to 10-inch bit: Can be used to dig holes for larger plants or 4 x 4 wooden fence posts.

Do I need an auger? ›

Many projects require an auger. Use it when you're digging a mailbox post hole, or if you need to run a fence, put up a flagpole or set posts to install a new deck.

What are the advantages of auger? ›

Key Benefits of Auger Drilling: Efficient soil sampling: Given its design, auger drilling is perfect for obtaining undisturbed soil samples, allowing for accurate geotechnical or environmental analyses. Versatility: It can be employed in a wide range of soil types, including sandy, clayey, or silty soils.

Why won't my snake unclog the drain? ›

Too much force – When you're trying to dislodge a blockage, it can be tempting to try and force a snake cable through the drain too fast. If you force it, sometimes the cable can bend back on itself or kink. Instead of forcing the cable, extend the snake cable a few inches at a time until you reach the clog.

Why won't my post hole auger dig? ›

Why won't my auger go down into the ground? There are many variables, but the most common is that the ground is hard, and requires extra weight. The optional down pressure kit will help in this condition.

How to unclog a sewer line without a snake? ›

All you need to do is take a cupful of baking soda and pour it down the drain. Consequently, pour a cupful of white vinegar down the same drain. Thereafter, wait for around 10-15 minutes for the baking soda and vinegar solution to break up and clear the clog.

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