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Learning Objectives
- Quantitatively related \(K_{sp}\) to solubility
Considering the relation between solubility and \(K_{sp}\) is important when describing the solubility of slightly ionic compounds. However, this article discusses ionic compounds that are difficult to dissolve; they are considered "slightly soluble" or "almost insoluble." Solubility product constants (\(K_{sq}\)) are given to those solutes, and these constants can be used to find the molar solubility of the compounds that make the solute. This relationship also facilitates finding the \(K_{sq}\) of a slightly soluble solute from its solubility.
Introduction
Recall that the definition of solubility is the maximum possible concentration of a solute in a solution at a given temperature and pressure. We can determine the solubility product of a slightly soluble solid from that measure of its solubility at a given temperature and pressure, provided that the only significant reaction that occurs when the solid dissolves is its dissociation into solvated ions, that is, the only equilibrium involved is:
\[\ce{M}_p\ce{X}_q(s)⇌p\mathrm{M^{m+}}(aq)+q\mathrm{X^{n−}}(aq)\]
In this case, we calculate the solubility product by taking the solid’s solubility expressed in units of moles per liter (mol/L), known as its molar solubility.
Calculation of Ksp from Equilibrium Concentrations
We began the chapter with an informal discussion of how the mineral fluorite is formed. Fluorite, \(\ce{CaF2}\), is a slightly soluble solid that dissolves according to the equation:
\[\ce{CaF2}(s)⇌\ce{Ca^2+}(aq)+\ce{2F-}(aq)\nonumber \]
The concentration of Ca2+ in a saturated solution of CaF2 is 2.1 × 10–4 M; therefore, that of F– is 4.2 × 10–4 M, that is, twice the concentration of \(\ce{Ca^{2+}}\). What is the solubility product of fluorite?
Solution
First, write out the Ksp expression, then substitute in concentrations and solve for Ksp:
\[\ce{CaF2(s) <=> Ca^{2+}(aq) + 2F^{-}(aq)} \nonumber\]
A saturated solution is a solution at equilibrium with the solid. Thus:
\[\begin{align*} K_\ce{sp} &= \ce{[Ca^{2+}][F^{-}]^2} \\[4pt] &=(2.1×10^{−4})(4.2×10^{−4})^2 \\[4pt] &=3.7×10^{−11}\end{align*}\]
As with other equilibrium constants, we do not include units with Ksp.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)
In a saturated solution that is in contact with solid Mg(OH)2, the concentration of Mg2+ is 3.7 × 10–5 M. What is the solubility product for Mg(OH)2?
\[\ce{Mg(OH)2}(s)⇌\ce{Mg^2+}(aq)+\ce{2OH-}(aq)\nonumber\]
- Answer
-
2.0 × 10–13
Determination of Molar Solubility from Ksp
The Ksp of copper(I) bromide, \(\ce{CuBr}\), is 6.3 × 10–9. Calculate the molar solubility of copper bromide.
Solution
The solubility product constant of copper(I) bromide is 6.3 × 10–9.
The reaction is:
\[\ce{CuBr}(s)⇌\ce{Cu+}(aq)+\ce{Br-}(aq)\nonumber\]
First, write out the solubility product equilibrium constant expression:
\[K_\ce{sp}=\ce{[Cu+][Br- ]}\nonumber\]
Create an ICE table (as introduced in the chapter on fundamental equilibrium concepts), leaving the \(\ce{CuBr}\) column empty as it is a solid and does not contribute to the Ksp:
At equilibrium:
\[ \begin{align*} K_\ce{sp} &=\ce{[Cu+][Br- ]} \\[4pt] 6.3×10^{−9} &=(x)(x)=x^2 \\[4pt] x&=\sqrt{(6.3×10^{−9})}=7.9×10^{−5} \end{align*}\]
Therefore, the molar solubility of \(\ce{CuBr}\) is 7.9 × 10–5 M.
Finding the Solubility of a Salt: https://youtu.be/98BuldrICXM
Summary
Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. Equilibrium is the state at which the concentrations of products and reactant are constant after the reaction has taken place. The solubility product constant (\(K_{sp}\)) describes the equilibrium between a solid and its constituent ions in a solution. The value of the constant identifies the degree to which the compound can dissociate in water. The higher the \(K_{sp}\), the more soluble the compound is. \(K_{sq}\) is defined in terms of activity rather than concentration because it is a measure of a concentration that depends on certain conditions such as temperature, pressure, and composition. It is influenced by surroundings. \(K_{sp}\) is used to describe the saturated solution of ionic compounds. (A saturated solution is in a state of equilibrium between the dissolved, dissociated, undissolved solid, and the ionic compound.)
Contributors and Attributions
Paul Flowers (University of North Carolina - Pembroke),Klaus Theopold (University of Delaware) andRichard Langley (Stephen F. Austin State University) with contributing authors.Textbook content produced by OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]).
